Bambang Wiweko (1), Trisadini Prsastinah Usanti (2), Faizal Kurniawan (3), Sipnarong Kanchanawongpaisan (4), Nelson B. Guillen Jr (5)
Authentic deeds play a central role in providing legal certainty because they possess strong evidentiary authority. However, formal authenticity does not necessarily guarantee substantive validity when a party’s consent results from inequality, vulnerability, or abuse of circumstances. This study examines the relationship between abuse of circumstances and notarial liability and formulates a liability framework that safeguards both legal certainty and contractual fairness. It employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, case, and comparative approaches, with England, Germany, and France providing comparative perspectives. The study produces three principal findings. First, abuse of circumstances constitutes a defect of consent that can undermine contractual validity, although its recognition in Indonesian law remains primarily jurisprudential rather than explicitly codified. Second, defective consent may affect the substantive validity of an authentic deed and provide grounds for annulment despite its formal evidentiary strength. Third, notarial liability should extend beyond procedural compliance toward substantive protection of genuine and voluntary consent through prudence, good faith, verification of the parties’ understanding, and identification of significant power imbalances. Comparative analysis confirms that effective protection requires the integration of formal authentication with substantive safeguards against exploitation.
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Afrian, Robiatul, ‘Legal Consequences Of Cooperation Between Notary Partners And Banks On The Validity Of The Deeds Made’, Authentica, 2024 https://doi.org/10.20884/1.ATC.2024.7.1.446
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Aragau, Claire and Jean-François Valette, ‘Incursions upon Agricultural Land within Metropolitan Peripheries: Deadlocks and Geo-Legal Trajectories of Regularization in Paris and Mexico-City’, Habitat International, 168 (2026), 103696 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2025.103696
Begichev, Alexander and Evgenia Frolova, ‘Philosophical and Theoretical Aspects of Court-Notary Interaction: Current Relationships in the Provision of Evidence’, WISDOM, 2023 https://doi.org/10.24234/wisdom.v28i4.1038
Bełej, Mirosław, Radosław Cellmer, Iwona Foryś and Michał Głuszak, ‘Airports in the Urban Landscape: Externalities, Stigmatization and Housing Market’, Land Use Policy, 126 (2023), 106540 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106540
Bludnik, Izabela, ‘Digitalisation as a Driving Force for Land Grabbing in the Global South’, Procedia Computer Science, 207 (2022), 265–71 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2022.09.059
Budidarmo, Widodo and Lily Kalyana, ‘The Authority of a Notary in the Creation of Deeds in the Field of Land Affairs’, International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 2024 https://doi.org/10.62951/ijlcj.v1i3.177
Caballé Fabra, Gemma, ‘Housing Professionals in Europe. Special Attention to the Spanish Case’, Journal of Property, Planning and Environmental Law, 17 (2025), 191–209 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/JPPEL-11-2024-0053
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Fendri, Azmi and Yussy Adelina Mannas, ‘Electronic Notary Deed: A Legal Certainty Study Based on the Law of Notarial, the Law of the Limited Liability Company and the Law of Electronic Transaction and Information’, International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 10 (2019), 109–19 https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85079621200?origin=resultslist
Gamba, Emma, Lisa Shindo, Delphine Isoardi and Brigitte Talon, ‘Multidisciplinary Approach to Investigate Human-Forest Relationships in Southern French Alps: How to Estimate the Impact of Populations on the Local Mountain Wood Stock?’, Quaternary International, 700–701 (2024), 80–96 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2023.07.011
Garcia-Teruel, Rosa M, ‘Legal Challenges and Opportunities of Blockchain Technology in the Real Estate Sector’, Journal of Property, Planning and Environmental Law, 12 (2020), 129–45 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/JPPEL-07-2019-0039
Garcia-Teruel, Rosa M and Héctor Simón-Moreno, ‘The Digital Tokenization of Property Rights. A Comparative Perspective’, Computer Law & Security Review, 41 (2021), 105543 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2021.105543
Gholipour, Hassan F, Amir Arjomandi, Amirhossein Eslami Andargoli and Rohan Bennett, ‘On Real Estate Market Transparency: The Relationship with ICT Trade and Investment’, Land Use Policy, 133 (2023), 106846 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106846
Guarini, Maria Rosaria, Antonella Roma, Emma Sabatelli and Alejandro Segura-de-la-Cal, ‘Intrinsic and Extrinsic Attributes in Real Estate Pricing: Insights for Sustainable Urban Planning Strategies’, Land Use Policy, 153 (2025), 107543 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2025.107543
Guimbeau, Amanda, ‘Settling Prosperity: Historical Immigration and Its Long-Term Institutional Legacies’, Journal of Comparative Economics, 2026 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2026.02.008
Habibah, Nadia Mileni, Mohammad Hamidi Masykur and Diah Aju Wisnu Wardhani, ‘Force Majeure And Notary Responsibility: The Case Of The Destruction Of Deed Minutes’, IBLAM LAW REVIEW, 2024 https://doi.org/10.52249/ILR.V4I1.241
Hidayat, Rahmat, Pujiyono Suwadi and Solikhah, ‘Measuring The Criteria For Notary Accountability In The Use Of Online Media As A Means Of Notary Promotion In Indonesia; [Medindo Os Critérios Para A Responsabilidade Notária No Uso De Mídia Online Como Meio De Promoção Notária Na Indonésia]; [Medición De’, Revista de Gestao Social e Ambiental, 18 (2024) https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n5-074
———, ‘Measuring the Criteria for Notary Accountability in the Use of Online Media as a Means of Notary Promotion in Indonesia’, Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental, 2024 https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n5-074
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Inshakova, Agnessa O, Svetlana Y Kazachenok and Maxim V Sevostyanov, ‘Legislative Approbation of the Extended Powers of Notaries in the Sphere of Civil Turnover of Immovable Property: The Russian Federation and the European Legal Orders’, Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics, 8 (2017), 1526–36 https://doi.org/10.14505/jarle.v8.5(27).16
Iriantoro, Agung, ‘Notarial Authority And Legal Accountability In Sharia Banking Contracts: A Doctrinal Study’, Jurnal Hukum Unissula, 41 (2025), 528–47 https://doi.org/10.26532/jh.v41i3.42041
Iskandar, Karto, Christianto and Maria Grace Herlina, ‘Property Selling System with Support for Validation and Verification Process’, Procedia Computer Science, 216 (2023), 186–93 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2022.12.126
Jeanneaux, Philippe, Eliot Wendling, Yann Desjeux, Geoffroy Enjolras and Laure Latruffe, ‘Structure and Determinants of the Cost of Setting up a Farm: The Case of Young Farmers in Central France’, Journal of Rural Studies, 114 (2025), 103583 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2025.103583
Jiang, Feifeng, Jun Ma, Christopher John Webster, Weiwei Chen and Wei Wang, ‘Estimating and Explaining Regional Land Value Distribution Using Attention-Enhanced Deep Generative Models’, Computers in Industry, 159–160 (2024), 104103 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2024.104103
Kocur-Bera, Katarzyna, ‘Understanding Information about Agricultural Land. An Evaluation of the Extent of Data Modification in the Land Parcel Identification System for the Needs of Area-Based Payments – a Case Study’, Land Use Policy, 94 (2020), 104527 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104527
Latorre, S, ‘The Place of the Public Notary: How the Engine of the Capitalist State Operates through Material and Legal Arrangements’, Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 42 (2022), 401–16 https://doi.org/10.1177/23996544221110040
Lubis, Ikhsan, T Murwadji, Sunarmi Sunarmi and Detania Sukarja, ‘Cyber Notary as A Mean of Indonesian Economic Law Development’, Sriwijaya Law Review, 2023 https://doi.org/10.28946/slrev.vol7.iss1.1972.pp62-72
Marks-Bielska, Renata, ‘Conditions Underlying Agricultural Land Lease in Poland, in the Context of the Agency Theory’, Land Use Policy, 102 (2021), 105251 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105251
Mashdurohatun, Anis and Belahim, ‘Reconstruction of Notaries Liability on Their Authentic Deed Based on Justice Value: Moderating Role of Supply Chain Management’, International Journal of Supply Chain Management, 9 (2020), 605–12 https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85087766250?origin=resultslist
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Mikryukov, Viktor A, ‘Legal and Economic Regulation of a Member’s Withdrawal from the Limited Liability Company: Gaps and Analogies’, Espacios, 39 (2018) https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85048608611?origin=resultslist
Monastyrsky, Y, ‘Theoretical Aspects of the Basic Conditions for Liability: Restorative and Punitive Approaches under Russian Law’, Kutafin Law Review, 2025 https://doi.org/10.17803/2713-0533.2025.1.31.088-116
Muchová, Zlatica and Vladimír Raškovič, ‘Fragmentation of Land Ownership in Slovakia: Evolution, Context, Analysis and Possible Solutions’, Land Use Policy, 95 (2020), 104644 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104644
Mutabžija, Jasmina, ‘Blockchain as the Catalyst in the Shift from Closed to Open Limited Liability Companies: The Case of Greyp Bikes’, Balkan Yearbook of European and International Law, 2021 (2022), 239–58 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97431-2_11
Nadya, Siti Ahsanu, ‘The Validity of Credit Agreement Deeds Non-Compliant with the Law on the Office of Notaries: A Review from the Perspective of Legal Certainty and Accountability’, Al-Qanun: Jurnal Kajian Sosial Dan Hukum Islam, 7 (2026), 41–51 https://doi.org/10.58836/al-qanun.v7i1.27456
Nazran, Fina, Hasim Purba, OK Saidin and Maria Kaban, ‘Legal Protection of Notaries in Document Validation through Technology-Based Systems: A Comparative Legal Review of Indonesia, the United States, the Netherlands, and Australia’, Journal of Ecohumanism, 2024 https://doi.org/10.62754/joe.v3i7.4608
Noor, Aslan, Lusi Apriyanti Suprapto, Aditya Fadil Abyansyah and Fauzan Muhamad Fauzi, ‘Legal Protection for Notaries from Crimes of Misbruik Van Omstandigheden in Making Dependency Deeds’, International Journal of Science and Society, 2024 https://doi.org/10.54783/IJSOC.V6I3.1234
Ökten, Ayşe Nur, Tuba İnal-Çekiç and Senem Kozaman, ‘Civic Engagement in an Informal Settlement: Between the Devil and Deep Blue Sea’, Cities, 112 (2021), 103110 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103110
Oukes, Peter, Marc van Andel, Erwin Folmer, Rohan Bennett and Christiaan Lemmen, ‘Domain-Driven Design Applied to Land Administration System Development: Lessons from the Netherlands’, Land Use Policy, 104 (2021), 105379 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105379
Panduwinata, Poppy Agustina, Hary Purwadi and WT Novianto, ‘Notary Liability in Criminal Acts of Fraud Based on a Power of Buying Deed’, Journal of World Science, 2022 https://doi.org/10.36418/JWS.V1I7.70
Permana, Bayu Indra, Mohammad Rafi Al Farizy and Ferdiansyah Putra Manggala, ‘Responsibility of Notary for Registered Private Deed in the Perspective of Law of Evidence’, Jurnal Justiciabelen, 2024 https://doi.org/10.30587/JUSTICIABELEN.V7I1.7801
Permana, Recky Rizkiryanto, ‘Legal Certainty on Fiduciary Guarantee Deed Based on Power of Attention Under The Leasing Agreement’, 2021 https://doi.org/10.61968/JOURNAL.V2I1.15
Pescini, Valentina, Alessandro Panetta, Bruna Ilde Menozzi and Carlo Montanari, ‘Tracing the History of a Mediterranean Terraced Landscape: Interdisciplinary Research in the Cinque Terre Coastal Region (NW Italy)’, Quaternary International, 719 (2025), 109670 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2025.109670
Pierik, Bob, ‘An Assemblage of Urban Water Access: The Geography of Water Marginalization in Amsterdam, 1690-1840’, Journal of Historical Geography, 86 (2024), 231–45 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2024.07.012
Pierre, Philippe, ‘The Liability of French Notaries and the Duty to Advise on Environmental Matters’, Journal of Civil Law Studies, 16 (2024), 146–54 https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85216265971?origin=resultslist
Pinna, Salvatore, ‘Cartographic Erasure of Landscape as a Social Concept: Changes in Ancient Rural Practices and Land-Use Policy behind the Study of Toponyms. A Case Study from Sardinia’, CATENA, 229 (2023), 107229 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2023.107229
Prakoso, Andria Luhur, Khudzaifah Dimyati, Absori, Kelik Wardiono, Arief Budiono and Universitas Muhammadiyah, ‘A Critical Analysis of the Notary Supervision Implementation: A Study in Three Cities in Central Java Province and Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia’, International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies, 2025 https://doi.org/10.53894/ijirss.v8i1.4500
Pranadia, Maudy Rahma and Gunardi Lie, ‘Notary Responsibilities for the Occurrence of Identity Faketing In the Making of Authentic Deeds’, Edunity Kajian Ilmu Sosial Dan Pendidikan, 2023 https://doi.org/10.57096/EDUNITY.V2I6.112
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Rahmah, S, Husni Jalil and M Kadir, ‘Legal Dilemma for Land Deed Officials in Transferring Land Title Within Agrarian Reform in Indonesia: A Study in Aceh Province’, Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Dan Hukum Islam, 2024 https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v8i1.16898
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Styawati, Ni Komang Arini, I Nyoman Sumardika, Ni Made Puspasutari Ujianti, Ni Komang Arini Styawati, I Nyoman Sumardika and Ni Made Puspasutari Ujianti, ‘Problems of the Obligation to Keep Information Confidential in Making a Notarial Deed with the Principle of Recognizing Notary Service Users’, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Business Law and Local Wisdom in Tourism (ICBLT 2022), 2023 https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-494069-93-0_80
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Trojanek, Radoslaw, Michal Gluszak and Maria Trojanek, ‘Public Land Leases, Reforms and (in)Stability of Municipal Revenues in Poland – The Case of Poznan City’, Cities, 148 (2024), 104877 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2024.104877
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Widodo, Selamat, Hibnu Nugroho, Agus Raharjo, Kuat Puji Prayitno, Sony Zulhuda and Jie Liu, ‘State Officials Asset Disclosure: Evidence from China’, Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System, 4 (2024), 54–74 https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v4i1.187
Wiejak-Roy, Grazyna, Jaideep Roy and DAC Smith Andrew, ‘Violation of Land Use Regulations for Allotment Gardens: The Case of Warsaw, Poland’, Land Use Policy, 158 (2025), 107728 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2025.107728
Wijaya, Elvina and Disriani Latifah Soroinda, ‘The Principle of Notary Prudence in Making Deeds for Attendees in Detention Houses’, Asian Journal of Engineering Social and Health, 2025 https://doi.org/10.46799/AJESH.V4I8.604
Yahanan, Annalisa, Murzal Murzal, Sri Turatmiyah and Tongle Si, ‘Notarial Challenges for Aircraft Deeds: Unlocking the Potential of Aircraft as Collateral’, Hasanuddin Law Review, 2024 https://doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v10i3.4818
Zaki, Muhammad and Saidin Saidin, ‘Legal Protection and Law Assistance to Notaries as a Public Official in Indonesia’, Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Dan Hukum Islam, 2024 https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v8i2.17276
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Zysk, Elżbieta, Agnieszka Dawidowicz, Magdalena Nowak, Marta Figurska, Sabina Źróbek, Ryszard Źróbek, and others, ‘ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS OF THE CONCEPT OF A GREEN CADASTRE FOR RURAL AREAS’, Land Use Policy, 91 (2020), 104373 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104373
Zysk, Elżbieta, Agnieszka Dawidowicz, Sabina Źróbek and Ryszard Źróbek, ‘The Concept of a Geographic Information System for the Identification of Degraded Urban Areas as a Part of the Land Administration System - A Polish Case Study’, Cities, 96 (2020), 102423 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.102423