The Geothermal Development Policy on Environmental in Indonesia and the USA

Authors

  • Willy Naresta Hanum Faculty of Law, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta,, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3225-9776
  • I Gusti Ayu Ketut Rachmi Handayani Faculty of Law, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta,, Indonesia
  • Hilaire Tegnan Law School, William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia,, United States

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v3i2.85

Abstract

Geothermal utilization is generally used as clean green energy because of its contribution to gradually eliminating high carbon energy. However, in practice, geothermal damage to the environment, even regulation of its utilization does not guarantee environmental justice. This research study aims to determine environmentally just geothermal regulations to eliminate negative environmental impacts and public rejection of geothermal utilization. This study uses normative legal research. The results of this study indicate that geothermal potential can replace high-carbon energy even though it still has a damaging impact on the environment. Community rejection occurs in various areas where geothermal exploitation occurs in conservation forest areas. Geothermal energy regulation in Indonesia is no more pro-ecological than in the USA. Based on the analysis of the legal gap between the theory of ecological justice and the legal triangle and energy policy, it is found that the principles of geothermal regulation must prioritize ecology, not mere exploitation. The findings of this study are strengthening the principles of geothermal regulation based on ecological justice. Standardization of handling and monitoring of environmental impacts must be carried out in an integrated manner based on area category to avoid the widening of the ecological impact of geothermal utilization which results in rejection of the next project.

References

A.Tauda, and Gunawa, ‘Cryptocurrency: Highlighting the Approach, Regulations, and Protection in Indonesia and European Union’, Bestuur, 11.1 (2023), 1–25 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.20961/bestuur.v11i1.67125

Akhmaddhian, Suwari, Haris Budiman, and Rahul Bhandari, ‘The Strengthening Government Policies on Mineral and Coal Mining to Achieve Environmental Sustainability in Indonesia, Africa and Germany’, Bestuur, 11.1 (2023), 95–120 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.20961/bestuur.v11i1.71279

Attard, Guillaume, Peter Bayer, Yvan Rossier, Philipp Blum, and Laurent Eisenlohr, ‘A Novel Concept for Managing Thermal Interference between Geothermal Systems in Cities’, Renewable Energy, 145 (2020), 914–24 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.06.095

Barasa Kabeyi, Moses Jeremiah, and Oludolapo Akanni Olanrewaju, ‘Geothermal Wellhead Technology Power Plants in Grid Electricity Generation: A Review’, Energy Strategy Reviews, 39 (2022), 100735 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ESR.2021.100735

Beckers, Koenraad F., Amanda Kolker, Hannah Pauling, Joshua D McTigue, and Devon Kesseli, ‘Evaluating the Feasibility of Geothermal Deep Direct-Use in the United States’, Energy Conversion and Management, 243 (2021), 114335 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114335

Bolinger, Mark, Dev Millstein, Will Gorman, Patrick Dobson, and Seongeun Jeong, ‘Mind the Gap: Comparing the Net Value of Geothermal, Wind, Solar, and Solar+storage in the Western United States’, Renewable Energy, 205 (2023), 999–1009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.02.023

Cahyani, Ambarsari Dwi, Nachrowi Djalal Nachrowi, Djoni Hartono, and Diah Widyawati, ‘Between Insufficiency and Efficiency: Unraveling Households’ Electricity Usage Characteristics of Urban and Rural Indonesia’, Energy for Sustainable Development, 69 (2022), 103–17 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2022.06.005

Clark, Richard, Noah Zucker, and Johannes Urpelainen, ‘The Future of Coal-Fired Power Generation in Southeast Asia’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 121 (2020), 109650 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2019.109650

Coates, Peter S., Brian G. Prochazka, Shawn T. O’Neil, Sarah C. Webster, Shawn Espinosa, Mark A. Ricca, and others, ‘Geothermal Energy Production Adversely Affects a Sensitive Indicator Species within Sagebrush Ecosystems in Western North America’, Biological Conservation, 280 (2023), 109889 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109889

Fathoni, Hilman S, Abidah B Setyowati, and James Prest, ‘Is Community Renewable Energy Always Just? Examining Energy Injustices and Inequalities in Rural Indonesia’, Energy Research & Social Science, 71 (2021), 101825 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101825

García-Gil, Alejandro, Miguel Mejías Moreno, Eduardo Garrido Schneider, Miguel Ãngel Marazuela, Corinna Abesser, Jesús Mateo Lázaro, and others, ‘Nested Shallow Geothermal Systems’, Sustainability, 12.12 (2020), 5152 https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125152

Gkousis, Spiros, Kris Welkenhuysen, and Tine Compernolle, ‘Deep Geothermal Energy Extraction, a Review on Environmental Hotspots with Focus on Geo-Technical Site Conditions’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 162 (2022), 112430 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112430

Greiner, Clemens, Britta Klagge, and Evelyne Atieno Owino, ‘The Political Ecology of Geothermal Development: Green Sacrifice Zones or Energy Landscapes of Value?’, Energy Research & Social Science, 99 (2023), 103063 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2023.103063

Handayani, Kamia, Pinto Anugrah, Fadjar Goembira, Indra Overland, Beni Suryadi, and Akbar Swandaru, ‘Moving beyond the NDCs: ASEAN Pathways to a Net-Zero Emissions Power Sector in 2050’, Applied Energy, 311 (2022), 118580 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APENERGY.2022.118580

Haris, Muhamad, Yordan Gunawan, M Hanaan Alfarizi, and Manuel Campos, ‘Bestuur Governing Indonesia ’ s Plan to Halt Bauxite Ore Exports : Is Indonesia Ready to Fight Lawsuit at the WTO ?’, Bestuur, 11.1 (2023), 26–42 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.20961/bestuur.v11i1.69178

Heffron, Raphael J, and Kim Talus, ‘The Development of Energy Law in the 21st Century: A Paradigm Shift?’, The Journal of World Energy Law & Business, 9.3 (2016), 189–202 https://doi.org/10.1093/jwelb/jww009

Hogan, Jessica L., Charles R. Warren, Michael Simpson, and Darren McCauley, ‘What Makes Local Energy Projects Acceptable? Probing the Connection between Ownership Structures and Community Acceptance’, Energy Policy, 171 (2022), 113257 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.113257

Ibrohim, Abdillah, Rizqi Mahfudz Prasetyo, and Istifari Husna Rekinagara, ‘Understanding Social Acceptance of Geothermal Energy: A Case Study from Mt. Lawu, Indonesia’, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 254 (2019), 012009 https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/254/1/012009

Intaniasari, Kirana, ‘Gross Split Contract Framework Regulation on the Caring for People’, Bestuur, 8.2 (2020), 96 https://doi.org/10.20961/bestuur.v8i2.43141

Knoblauch, Theresa A.K., Evelina Trutnevyte, and Michael Stauffacher, ‘Siting Deep Geothermal Energy: Acceptance of Various Risk and Benefit Scenarios in a Swiss-German Cross-National Study’, Energy Policy, 128 (2019), 807–16 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.01.019

Kopnina, Helen, and Haydn Washington, ‘Book Review’, Biological Conservation, 254 (2021), 108951 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.108951

Luketina, Katherine Mary, ‘Environmental Impacts of Geothermal Energy Use’, in Comprehensive Renewable Energy (Elsevier, 2022), pp. 72–91 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819727-1.00010-8

Lund, John W., Gerald W. Huttrer, and Aniko N. Toth, ‘Characteristics and Trends in Geothermal Development and Use, 1995 to 2020’, Geothermics, 105 (2022), 102522 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GEOTHERMICS.2022.102522

MacArthur, Julie, and Steve Matthewman, ‘Populist Resistance and Alternative Transitions: Indigenous Ownership of Energy Infrastructure in Aotearoa New Zealand’, Energy Research & Social Science, 43 (2018), 16–24 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2018.05.009

Manzella, Adele, Agnes Allansdottir, and Anna Pellizzone, eds., Geothermal Energy and Society (Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019), lxvii https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78286-7

Marazuela, Miguel Ãngel, Alejandro García-Gil, Eduardo Garrido, Juan C. Santamarta, Noelia Cruz-Pérez, and Thilo Hofmann, ‘Assessment of Geothermal Impacts on Urban Aquifers Using a Polar Coordinates-Based Approach’, Journal of Hydrology, 612 (2022), 128209 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128209

Marsden, Simon, ‘The “Triangle†of Australian Energy Law and Policy: Omissions, Connections and Evaluating Environmental Effects’, Journal of Environmental Law, 29.3 (2017), 475–503 https://doi.org/10.1093/jel/eqx018

Maulidia, Martha, Paul Dargusch, Peta Ashworth, and Fitrian Ardiansyah, ‘Rethinking Renewable Energy Targets and Electricity Sector Reform in Indonesia: A Private Sector Perspective’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 101.February 2018 (2019), 231–47 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.11.005

Morales-Simfors, Nury, and Jochen Bundschuh, ‘Arsenic-Rich Geothermal Fluids as Environmentally Hazardous Materials – A Global Assessment’, Science of The Total Environment, 817 (2022), 152669 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152669

Noss, Reed F., ‘The Spectrum of Wildness and Rewilding: Justice for All’, in Conservation (Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020), pp. 167–82 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13905-6_12

Pambudi, Nugroho Agung, ‘Geothermal Power Generation in Indonesia, a Country within the Ring of Fire: Current Status, Future Development and Policy’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81 (2018), 2893–2901 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2017.06.096

Parikesit, Widiatedja, and Muhammad Q Shah, ‘The Rise of Centralistic Governance in Spatial Planning in Indonesia and Australia: A Comparative Study’, Bestuur, 11.1 (2023), 12 1–43 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.20961/bestuur.v11i1.70120

Paulillo, Andrea, Aleksandra Kim, Christopher Mutel, Alberto Striolo, Christian Bauer, and Paola Lettieri, ‘Simplified Models for Predicting the Environmental Impacts of Geothermal Power Generation’, Cleaner Environmental Systems, 6 (2022), 100086 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2022.100086

Pope, Kamila, Michelle Bonatti, and Stefan Sieber, ‘The What, Who and How of Socio-Ecological Justice: Tailoring a New Justice Model for Earth System Law’, Earth System Governance, 10 (2021), 100124 https://doi.org/10.1016/j. aesg.2021.100124

Prasad, Ravita D, and Atul Raturi, ‘Techno-Economic Analysis of a Proposed 10 MW Geothermal Power Plant in Fiji’, Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 53 (2022), 102374 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SETA.2022.102374

Rahman, Abidur, Omar Farrok, and Md Mejbaul Haque, ‘Environmental Impact of Renewable Energy Source Based Electrical Power Plants: Solar, Wind, Hydroelectric, Biomass, Geothermal, Tidal, Ocean, and Osmotic’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 161 (2022), 112279 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112279

Ratio, Marnel Arnold, Jillian Aira Gabo-Ratio, and Yasuhiro Fujimitsu, ‘Exploring Public Engagement and Social Acceptability of Geothermal Energy in the Philippines: A Case Study on the Makiling-Banahaw Geothermal Complex’, Geothermics, 85 (2020), 101774 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2019.101774

Sekaringtias, Annisa, Brunilde Verrier, and Jennifer Cronin, ‘Untangling the Socio-Political Knots: A Systems View on Indonesia’s Inclusive Energy Transitions’, Energy Research & Social Science, 95 (2023), 102911 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2022.102911

Setiabudhi, Donna Okthalia, Ahsan Yunus, and Andi Rifky, ‘The Role of Land Management Paradigm Towards Certainty and Justice’, Bestuur, 11.1 (2023), 43–60 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.20961/bestuur.v11i1.71710

Setiawan, Andri D., Marmelia P. Dewi, Bramka Arga Jafino, and Akhmad Hidayatno, ‘Evaluating Feed-in Tariff Policies on Enhancing Geothermal Development in Indonesia’, Energy Policy, 168.July (2022), 113164 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.113164

Shoreman-Ouimet, Eleanor, and Helen Kopnina, ‘Reconciling Ecological and Social Justice to Promote Biodiversity Conservation’, Biological Conservation, 184 (2015), 320–26 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2015.01.030

Sindhwani, Rahul, Punj Lata Singh, Abhishek Behl, Mohd Shayan Afridi, Debaroti Sammanit, and Aviral Kumar Tiwari, ‘Modeling the Critical Success Factors of Implementing Net Zero Emission (NZE) and Promoting Resilience and Social Value Creation’, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 181 (2022), 121759 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2022.121759

Soltani, M., Farshad Moradi Kashkooli, Mohammad Souri, Behnam Rafiei, Mohammad Jabarifar, Kobra Gharali, and others, ‘Environmental, Economic, and Social Impacts of Geothermal Energy Systems’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 140 (2021), 110750 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.110750

Sovacool, Benjamin K., and Michael H. Dworkin, Global Energy Justice (Cambridge University Press, 2014) https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107323605

Spada, Matteo, Emilie Sutra, and Peter Burgherr, ‘Comparative Accident Risk Assessment with Focus on Deep Geothermal Energy Systems in the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) Countries’, Geothermics, 95 (2021), 102142 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2021.102142

Spijkerboer, Rozanne C., Ethemcan Turhan, Andreas Roos, Marco Billi, Sofia Vargas-Payera, Jose Opazo, and others, ‘Out of Steam? A Social Science and Humanities Research Agenda for Geothermal Energy’, Energy Research & Social Science, 92 (2022), 102801 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2022.102801

Thorsteinsson, Hildigunnur H., and Jefferson W. Tester, ‘Barriers and Enablers to Geothermal District Heating System Development in the United States’, Energy Policy, 38.2 (2010), 803–13 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.10.025

Vaccari, Marco, Gabriele Pannocchia, Leonardo Tognotti, and Marco Paci, ‘Rigorous Simulation of Geothermal Power Plants to Evaluate Environmental Performance of Alternative Configurations’, Renewable Energy, 207 (2023), 471–83 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.03.038

Walker, Chad, and Jamie Baxter, ‘Procedural Justice in Canadian Wind Energy Development: A Comparison of Community-Based and Technocratic Siting Processes’, Energy Research & Social Science, 29 (2017), 160–69 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.05.016

Weedon, James T., Erland Bååth, Ruud Rijkers, Stephanie Reischke, Bjarni D. Sigurdsson, Edda Oddsdottir, and others, ‘Community Adaptation to Temperature Explains Abrupt Soil Bacterial Community Shift along a Geothermal Gradient on Iceland’, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 177 (2023), 108914 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2022.108914

Xu, Yu, Zijun Li, Yin Chen, Mintao Jia, Mengsheng Zhang, and Rongrong Li, ‘Synergetic Mining of Geothermal Energy in Deep Mines: An Innovative Method for Heat Hazard Control’, Applied Thermal Engineering, 210 (2022), 118398 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APPLTHERMALENG.2022.118398

Zhang, Guozhu, Ziming Cao, Suguang Xiao, Yimu Guo, and Chenglin Li, ‘A Promising Technology of Cold Energy Storage Using Phase Change Materials to Cool Tunnels with Geothermal Hazards’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 163 (2022), 112509 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2022.112509

Downloads

Published

2023-05-08

Issue

Vol. 3 No. 2 (2023): Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System

Section

Articles

Citation Check

License

Authors who publish with Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System agree to the following terms:

  1. Authors retain copyright and grant the Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
  2. Authors can enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or edit it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
  3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) before and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.