Ahmad Siboy (1), Sholahuddin Al-Fatih (2)
The study develops a constitutional design to regulate the number of presidential and vice-presidential candidates following the Constitutional Court’s annulment of the presidential threshold. It observes that the absence of a model framework from the Court creates a regulatory vacuum that may expose the presidential election to political fragmentation, heightened polarization, and procedural inefficiencies. To address this issue, the research aims to construct a constitutional framework capable of enhancing electoral stability while sustaining democratic competitiveness. The study employs a normative juridical method supported by statutory analysis, case studies, and comparative assessment to identify feasible regulatory alternatives. The analysis demonstrates that the most effective approach to limiting the number of candidates is to regulate the number of political parties eligible to participate in general elections, given their role as the primary gatekeepers of nomination. The findings propose several regulatory instruments, including a moratorium on the establishment of new political parties, stricter requirements for party formation, enhanced eligibility criteria for electoral participation, a minimum age requirement for political parties, a maximum threshold for the number of qualified parties, and the disqualification of previously registered parties that fail to meet revised standards. The study concludes that these mechanisms collectively form a coherent constitutional strategy for maintaining a manageable number of presidential candidates and ensuring the continuity, integrity, and effective governance of the electoral process.
Adhiba, Lingga Zalfa, and Bayangsari Wedhatami, ‘Juridical Review of The Term Limitation of Political Party Chairman to Realize Constitutional Democracy in Indonesia’, Jurnal Daulat Hukum, 8.2 (2025), 120, http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/jdh.v8i2.45595
Adi Nugroho, Harimurti, O. Djunaedi, and Ismail Ismail, ‘Formulation of Coalition Threshold For Political Parties Based on Proportionality Principles In The Presidential Election Post Constitutional Court Decision No. 62/PUU-XXII/2024’, Asian Journal of Social and Humanities, 3.5 (2025), 997–1009, https://doi.org/10.59888/ajosh.v3i5.496
Afandi, M, F. Yudhi Priyo Amboro, and Triana Dewi Seroja, ‘Reconstruction of the Election Simultaneity Model through the Constitutional Court Decision Number 135/PUU-XXII/2024: Constitutional or Unconstitutional?’, Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities, 6.1 (2025), 221–37, https://doi.org/10.38035/jlph.v6i1.2446
Al-Fatih, Sholahuddin, ‘Interpretation of Open Legal Policy by the Constitutional Judges in Judicial Review of Parliamentary Thresholds’, Diponegoro Law Review, 6.2 (2021), 231–46, https://doi.org/10.14710/dilrev.6.2.2021.231-246
——, and Asrul Ibrahim Nur, ‘Does the Constitutional Court on Local Election Responsive Decisions ?’, Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System, 3.3 (2023), 569–96, https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v3i3.74
Alles, Santiago, Tiffany D. Barnes, and Carolina Tchintian, The Representational Consequences of Electronic Voting Reform (Cambridge University Press, 2023), https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108973960
Anwar, Saiful, and others, ‘Multi-Political Parties Simplification Through Political Party Verification in Indonesia’, Proceedings of the International Conference on Cultural Policy and Sustainable Development (ICPSD 2024), 24 December 2024, 482–89, https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-315-3_66
Arifin, Firdaus, ‘Legal Implications of Regional Head Elections With A Sole Candidate: A Perspective of State Administrative Law’, Cepalo, 8.2 (2025), 145–56, https://doi.org/10.25041/cepalo.v8no2.3673
Arifudin, and Susi Dian Rahayu, ‘Redesign of The Presidential Threshold System Following The Constitutional Court Decision Number 62/PUU-XXII/2024’, The Digest: Journal of Jurisprudence and Legisprudence, 6.1 (2025), 107–32, https://doi.org/10.15294/digest.v6i1.29019
Ashari, Muhammad, Ardiansah Ardiansah, and Andrizal Andrizal, ‘Implikasi Yuridis Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 62/PUU-XXII/2024 Terhadap Mekanisme Pencalonan Presiden Dan Wakil Presiden Di Indonesia’, AKADEMIK: Jurnal Mahasiswa Humanis, 5.3 (2025), 1437–45, https://doi.org/10.37481/jmh.v5i3.1615
Asri Eka Mutiara, ‘Demokratisasi Pemilu Dan Penguatan Partisipasi Publik Pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 62/PUU-XXII/2024’, Jurnal Yustisiabel, 9.1 (2025), 38–51, https://doi.org/10.32529/yustisiabel.v9i1.3921
Budahu, Muhammad Abdi Sabri, and others, ‘Pemenuhan Hak Dipilih Dan Hak Memilih Sebagai Hak Konstitusional: Studi Komparatif Pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi’, Tumou Tou Law Review, 1.2 (2022), 88–99, https://doi.org/10.35801/tourev.v1i2.44641
Cahyono, Alex, and others, ‘Analisis Kritis Terhadap Penerapan Presidential Threshold Dalam Pemilihan Umum 2024: Perspektif Hukum Normatif Di Indonesia’, Jurnal Supremasi, 13.2 (2023), 1–14, https://doi.org/10.35457/supremasi.v13i2.3041
Cecilia, Cecilia, and Faonaso Harefa, ‘Model of State Defense Strengthening Responding to the Impact of Eliminating the Presidential Threshold in Order to Realize Inclusive Democracy’, Eduvest - Journal of Universal Studies, 5.9 (2025), 11471–86, https://doi.org/10.59188/eduvest.v5i9.52175
Christine, Thalia, ‘Analisis Yuridis Tentang Penghapusan Presidential Threshold Dan Dampaknya Terhadap Sistem Pemilihan Presiden Republik Inodnesia (Studi Kasus: Putusan MK Nomor 62/PUU-XXII/2024)’, Jurnal Hukum Lex Generalis, 5.8 (2025), https://doi.org/10.56370/jhlg.v5i8.961
Faisyah, Nur, Muchamad Ali Safa’at, and Riana Susmayanti, ‘Constitutional Parameters of Judicial Activism in the Indonesian Constitutional Court’, International Journal of Business, Law, and Education, 6.1 (2025), 724–38, https://doi.org/10.56442/ijble.v6i1.1073
Fauzia, Ana, and Fitria Esfandiari, ‘Political Party Deliberation: Mechanism for Safeguarding Constituent Rights against Vacancies in House of Representatives Affected by Political Party Dissolution’, Jambura Law Review, 6.2 (2024), 452–281, https://doi.org/10.33756/jlr.v6i2.24110
Freeman, Jo, ‘The Political Culture of the Democratic and Republican Parties’, Political Science Quarterly, 101.3 (1986), 327–56, https://doi.org/10.2307/2151619
Fuks, Mario, and Gabriel Avila Casalecchi, ‘When Democracy Divides the Electorate: Voting in the 2022 Brazilian Presidential Election’, Brazilian Political Science Review, 19.2 (2025), https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-3821202500020003
Garcia-Rios, Sergio I., and others, ‘The 2024 Presidential Election Through Latino Lenses: Priorities and Vote Choice’, The Forum, 22.2–3 (2025), 369–91, https://doi.org/10.1515/for-2025-2006
Ghoffar, Abdul, ‘Problematika Presidential Threshold: Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Dan Pengalaman di Negara Lain’, Jurnal Konstitusi, 15.3 (2018), 480, https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1532
Gomes Moreira Maués, Antonio, ‘Right to Vote and Electoral Judiciary in Brazil’, Latin American Law Review, no. 13 (October 2024), pp. 25–43, https://doi.org/10.29263/lar13.2024.02
Guarnieri, Fernando, ‘Voto Estratégico e Coordenação Eleitoral Testando a Lei de Duverger No Brasil’, Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais, 30.89 (2015), 77, https://doi.org/10.17666/308977-92/2015
Gusman, Delfina, and Pascoal Da Costa Oliveira, ‘Age Limitations for Presidential and Vice Presidential Candidates Post Constitutional Court Ruling Number 90/PUU-XXI/2023 A Democratic Perspective’, Jurnal Hukum Dan Peradilan, 12.3 (2023), 607, https://doi.org/10.25216/jhp.12.3.2023.607-628
Hanan, Djayadi, Tri Sulistianing Astuti, and Luthfi Widagdo Eddyono, ‘Electoral Reform Through the Indonesian Constitutional Court: Constitutionality of Presidential Candidacy Threshold in Indonesia’, Jurnal Konstitusi, 22.2 (2025), 260–92, https://doi.org/10.31078/jk2223
Hapsari, Yasinta Dyah Paramitha, and Retno Saraswati, ‘Dampak Pelaksanaan Presidential Threshold Pada Pemilu Serentak Terhadap Demokrasi Di Indonesia’, Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia, 5.1 (2023), 70–84, https://doi.org/10.14710/jphi.v5i1.70-84
Harahap, Munawir, and Mhd. Yadi Harahap, ‘Analisis Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 62/PUU-XXII/2024 Tentang Penghapusan Presidential Threshold Perspektif Siyasah Qadhaiyyah’, SENTRI: Jurnal Riset Ilmiah, 4.7 (2025), 331–49, https://doi.org/10.55681/sentri.v4i7.4221
Heydarian, Richard Javad, ‘The Philippines’ Dynastic Democracy’, Journal of Democracy, 36.3 (2025), 146–55, https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2025.a964570
Hidayat, M. Miftahul, ‘The 2024 General Elections in Indonesia: Issues of Political Dynasties, Electoral Fraud, and The Emergence of A National Protest Movements’, IAS Journal of Localities, 2.1 (2024), 33–51, https://doi.org/10.62033/iasjol.v2i1.51
Ibad, Syahrul, and Musdalifah Musdalifah, ‘Partai Politik: Tinjauan Strategi Dalam Meraih Dukungan Massa’, Publik (Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi), 8.2 (2020), 89, https://doi.org/10.31314/pjia.8.2.89-100.2019
Ibnu Fanhar Nur Fadhillah, Anisa Herdiani, and Widi Astuti, ‘Analisis Sentimen Berbasis Leksikon InSet Terhadap Partai Politik Peserta Pemilu 2019 Pada Media Sosial Twitter’, E-Proceeding of Engineering : Vol.6 No.3, December 2019, p. 10397 https://www.academia.edu/72582223/Analisis_Sentimen_Berbasis_Leksikon_InSet_Terhadap_Partai_Politik_Peserta_Pemilu_2019_Pada_Media_Sosial_Twitter [accessed 22 July 2025]
Juang Intan Pratiwi, Neneng Salama, and Siti Ulfah, ‘Pembatasan Masa Jabatan Presiden Di Indonesia’, Jurnal Rechten : Riset Hukum Dan Hak Asasi Manusia, 3.1 (2021), 18–26, https://doi.org/10.52005/rechten.v3i1.23
Kurnia, Titon, ‘Presidential Candidacy Threshold and Presidentialism Affirmation in Indonesia’, PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law), 07.03 (2021), 353–379, https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v7n3.a4
Lestari, Sulistyani Eka, and Ahmad Siboy, ‘The Alternative Designs Effort to Simplify The Number of Political Parties in Indonesia’, Jurnal Pembaharuan Hukum, 8.2 (2021), 257, https://doi.org/10.26532/JPH.V8I2.16147
Lucca, Juan Bautista, and others, The 2023 Elections in Argentina, Mexico and Paraguay in Comparative Perspective (2025), 217–33, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-83105-8_10
Lutfi Nur Lana, and Muhammad Ngazis, ‘Study Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi MK Nomor 62/PUU-XXII/2024 Penerapan Ambang Batas Presidensil (Presidential Threshold) Sebagai Kebijakan Hukum Terbuka Dalam Pemilihan Umum Di Indonesia’, Jurnal Ilmiah Sultan Agung, 4.2 (2025), 172–79, https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/JIMU/article/view/46828
Maksum, Maksum, and Abdul Hamid, ‘The Role of the Constitutional Court in Testing The Presidential Threshold Law For The 2024 Presidential Election’, Al-Adl : Jurnal Hukum, 16.1 (2024), 214, http://dx.doi.org/10.31602/al-adl.v16i1.12947
Mansfield, Harvey C., ‘The American Election: Towards Constitutional Democracy?’, Government and Opposition, 16.1 (1981), 3–18, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.1981.tb00297.x
Martin-Reyes, Javier, ‘Democracy Dismantled: Mexico’s Constitutional Path to Autocracy’, Comparative Constitutional Studies, 3.1 (2025), 24–30, https://doi.org/10.4337/ccs.2025.01.04
Mas’udah, Al, ‘The Presidential Threshold As An Open Legal Policy In General Elections In Indonesia’, Prophetic Law Review, 2.1 (2020), https://doi.org/10.20885/PLR.vol2.iss1.art3
Mau, Hedwig Adianto, ‘Constitutional Implications of Abolishing the Presidential Threshold on Democracy and the Electoral System in Indonesia’, Legal Standing: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 9.3 (2025), 669–78, http://dx.doi.org/10.24269/ls.v9i3.11579
Mohammad Mahmudi, and Fathor Rahman, ‘Rekonstruksi Sistem Pemilu Presiden Pasca Putusan MK No. 62/PUU-XXII/2024 Tentang Ambang Batas Pengusulan Calon Presiden Dan Wakil Presiden’, HUNILA: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Dan Integrasi Peradilan, 3.2 (2025), 100–16, https://doi.org/10.53491/hunila.v3i2.1685
Monteiro, Josef Mario, ‘Presidential Threshold and Parliamentary Threshold Setting in Elections’, Journal of Progressive Law and Legal Studies, 1.02 (2023), 75–87, https://doi.org/10.59653/jplls.v1i02.32
Muhammad Ali Farhan, ‘Application of Presidential Threshold In Indonesia And Comparison With Several Countries’, YURISDIKSI : Jurnal Wacana Hukum Dan Sains, 18.1 (2022), 56–67, https://doi.org/10.55173/yurisdiksi.v18i1.124
Muhammad Kholis Harahap, ‘Berubahnya Pendirian Hakim Mahkamah Konstitusi Tentang Presidential Threshold’, BULETIN KONSTITUSI, published online 25 October 2024, https://doi.org/10.30596/konstitusi.v5i2.23306
Negara, Tunggul Ansari Setia, ‘Normative Legal Research in Indonesia: Its Originis and Approaches’, Audito Comparative Law Journal (ACLJ), 4.1 (2023), 1–9, https://doi.org/10.22219/aclj.v4i1.24855
Negretto, Gabriel L., ‘Constitution-Making and Institutional Design. The Transformations of Presidentialism in Argentina’, European Journal of Sociology, 40.2 (1999), 193–232, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003975600007451
Nugroho, Rahmat Muhajir, ‘Implications of the Presidential Threshold Implementation on the Formation of Cartel Coalitions’, Kosmik Hukum, 24.1 (2024), 14, https://doi.org/10.30595/kosmikhukum.v24i1.14521
Ostaaijen, Julien Van, and Sander Jennissen, ‘Reasons Political Parties Lose Their Representatives. Combining Party Death and Party Failure’, Local Government Studies, 27 May 2025, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2025.2508195
Passarelli, Gianluca, and Matthew Bergman, ‘Runoff Comebacks in Comparative Perspective: Two-Round Presidential Election Systems’, Political Studies Review, 21.3 (2023), 608–24, https://doi.org/10.1177/14789299221132441
Pepinsky, Thomas B., ‘Cleavages, Institutions, and Democracy in Indonesia: The 2024 Elections in Comparative Perspective’, Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, published online 12 June 2025, https://doi.org/10.1177/18681034251349467
Pernia, Ronald A., and Rogelio Alicor L. Panao, ‘Electing the Dictator’s Son: The 2022 Philippine Election in an Era of Authoritarian Nostalgia and Democratic Decline’, Asian Affairs: An American Review, 52.1 (2025), 1–22, https://doi.org/10.1080/00927678.2025.2461822
Prasetio, Rizki Bagus, and Febri Sianipar, ‘The Relevance of the Application of the Presidential Threshold and the Implementation of Simultaneous Elections in Indonesia’, Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure, 21.2 (2021), 267, http://dx.doi.org/10.30641/dejure.2021.V21.267-284
Pratama, Aditya Andela, and others, ‘Revitalisasi Konstitusional Berbasis Pancasila Dalam Penghapusan Presidential Threshold’, Pancasila: Jurnal Keindonesiaan, 5.1 (2025), 73–88, https://doi.org/10.52738/PJK.V5I1.725
Rafiqa Sari, and others, ‘Polarisasi Presidential Threshold Dalam Sistem Presidensial Di Indonesia’, Jurnal APHTN-HAN, 3.2 (2024), 133–148, https://doi.org/10.55292/japhtnhan.v3i2.162
Rannie, Mahesa, Retno Saraswati, and Fifiana Wisnaeni, ‘Does the Reform of the Parliamentary and Presidential Threshold Strengthen the Presidential System in Indonesia?’, Sriwijaya Law Review, 8.1 (2024), 133–151, https://doi.org/10.28946/slrev.Vol8.Iss1.3157.pp133-151
Rasfanjani, Fawzi Ali Akbar, Jumadi, and Tri Suhendra Arbani, ‘Problematika Sistem Presidential Threshold Dalam Pemilihan Presiden Dan Wakil Presiden Dalam Perspektif Sistem Presidensial Di Indonesia’, Alauddin Law Development Journal, 5.1 (2023), 24–32, http://dx.doi.org/10.24252/aldev.v5i1.20297
Risky, Saiful, Sholahuddin Al-Fatih, and Mabarroh Azizah, ‘Political Configuration of Electoral System Law in Indonesia from State Administration Perspective’, Volksgeist: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Dan Konstitusi, 6.1 (2023), 119–30, https://doi.org/10.24090/volksgeist.v6i1.7940
Sholahuddin Al-Fatih, ‘Electoral Regulation in Indonesia: Is It Modern Law?’, Unnes Law Journal, 6.2 (2020), 205–16, https://doi.org/10.15294/ulj.v6i2.41627
——, Perkembangan Metode Penelitian Hukum di Indonesia, 1st ed. (UMM Press, 2023) https://books.google.co.id/books/about/Perkembangan_Metode_Penelitian_Hukum_di.html?hl=id&id=EObiEAAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y [accessed 22 July 2025]
Sirajuddin, Febriansyah Ramadhan, and Ilham Dwi Rafiqi, ‘Urgensi Pemisahan Penyelenggaraan Pemilihan Umum Serentak Nasional Dan Lokal’, Volksgeist: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Dan Konstitusi, 4.2 (2021), 223, https://doi.org/10.24090/volksgeist.v4i2.5224
Songga Aurora Abadi, and Fitra Arsil, ‘Mekanisme Penetapan Ambang Batas (Threshold) Terhadap Stabilitas Sistem Presidensial Dan Sistem Multipartai Sederhana Di Indonesia’, Jurnal Konstitusi Dan Demokrasi, 2.1 (2022), 11–35, https://doi.org/10.7454/JKD.v2i1.1202
Sugiharto, Imawan, and Erwin Aditya Pratama, ‘Examining the Legal Impact of Presidential Threshold Implementation in the 2024 Presidential Election’, Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, 22.2 (2022), 430, http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jdh.2022.22.2.3429
Sulardi, and Febriansyah Ramadhan, ‘Presidential Threshold in the Presidential Election: A Democratic and Constitutional Study’, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Indonesian Legal Studies (ICILS 2019) (Paris, France), https://doi.org/10.2991/icils-19.2019.27
Takayuki, Nishiyama, ‘Analysis of the 2024 US Presidential Election’, Asia-Pacific Review, 32.1 (2025), 16–34, https://doi.org/10.1080/13439006.2025.2513201
Thomas Poguntke, and Paul Webb, ‘The Presidentialization of Politics in Democratic Societies: A Framework for Analysis’, in The Presidentialization of Politics, ed. by Thomas Poguntke and Paul Webb (Oxford University PressOxford, 2005), 1–25, https://doi.org/10.1093/0199252017.003.0001
Thompson, Mark, and Ian Roxborough, ‘Union Elections and Democracy In Mexico: A Comparative Perspective’, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 20.2 (1982), 201–17, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8543.1982.tb00098.x
Ummu Hanie, Sidik Adi Purnama, and Faiz Rahmanto, ‘Examining the Constitutional Court’s Changing Approach to the Presidential Threshold’, Yurispruden: Jurnal Fakultas Hukum Universitas Islam Malang, 8.2 (2025), 245–65, https://doi.org/10.33474/yur.v8i2.23836
Yusrizal, Navis, and Ririn Nuraini, ‘The Abolition of the Presidential Threshold from the Perspective of Fikih Siyasah (A Study Of Constitutional Court Decision No. 62/PUU-XXII/2024)’, Hukum Islam, 25.1 (2025), http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/hi.v25i1.36672
Zuhdi, Achmad, Serhii Ablamskyi, and Arya Anggara, ‘Judicial Review of Presidential Threshold Decisions: The Dynamics of Constitutional Injury’, Kosmik Hukum, 25.1 (2025), 48, https://doi.org/10.30595/kosmikhukum.v25i1.24476