Yahya Ahmad Zein (1), Adymas Putro Utomo (2), Muhammad Husin Ali (3), Rafiq Idris (4), Didi Adriansyah (5)
Indigenous peoples and cultural diversity present both opportunities and challenges for advancing human rights at the regional level. Although their rights are recognized in the constitution and under international law, the implementation of these protections remains difficult. This study aims to assess the protection of indigenous peoples’ rights within the regional legal framework. The research employs a normative juridical method, utilizing a conceptual approach, statutory analysis, and a comparative perspective with the Philippines. The findings indicate, first, that indigenous peoples in Indonesia remain vulnerable to discrimination, marginalization, and the infringement of their rights, despite constitutional and international recognition. Some regions have responded by enacting Regional Regulations to ensure that indigenous rights are acknowledged and protected. Second, the Philippines, through the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP), has established a relatively advanced legal framework to safeguard indigenous communities. Third, the study highlights the need for a new paradigm that prioritizes effective implementation, respect for cultural diversity and local knowledge, harmonization of customary law with national and sectoral legislation, and the recognition and protection of traditional knowledge. Such a paradigm is essential to guarantee the sustainable protection of the rights of customary law communities, reduce legal conflicts, and enhance their social, economic, and cultural well-being within the regional legal system.
Adjei-Poku, Bernard, Samuel K. Afrane, Clifford Amoako, and Daniel K.B. Inkoom, ‘Customary Land Ownership and Land Use Change in Kumasi: An Issue of Chieftaincy Sustenance?’, Land Use Policy, 125 (2023), 106483 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106483
Aidonojie, Paul Atagamen, Hassan Ismaila, Eregbuonye Obieshi, and Omobolanle Omolola Ikpotokin, ‘Examining Human Rights Abuses on Religious, Cultural, and Political Intolerance in Nigeria’, Journal of Sustainable Development and Regulatory Issues (JSDERI), 3.1 (2025), 78–94 https://doi.org/10.53955/jsderi.v3i1.55
Akuoko, Philipa Birago, Timothy Adams, and Tobias Haller, ‘Balancing Customary and Statutory Governance to Sustain Informality in Ghana’s Public Spaces’, Cities, 165 (2025), 106127 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2025.106127
Antwi, Effah Kwabena, John Boakye-Danquah, Denyse Donna Mary Nadon, Maurice Joseph Kistabish, Tanya Matthews, Akua Nyamekye Darko, and others, ‘Socioeconomic Framework and Indicators for Assessing Cumulative Effects of Resource Development on Indigenous Nations’, The Extractive Industries and Society, 24 (2025), 101735 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2025.101735
Asaaga, Festus A., ‘Building on “Traditional” Land Dispute Resolution Mechanisms in Rural Ghana: Adaptive or Anachronistic?’, Land, 10.2 (2021), 143 https://doi.org/10.3390/land10020143
Barry, Michael, and Ephraim Kwame Danso, ‘Tenure Security, Land Registration and Customary Tenure in a Peri-Urban Accra Community’, Land Use Policy, 39 (2014), 358–65 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.01.017
Bastos, Renata Travassos da Rosa Moreira, Cátia Cardoso Abdo Quintão, and David Normando, ‘What Do the Indigenous People of the Amazon Have to Teach Us about the Etiology of Dental Malocclusion?’, Seminars in Orthodontics, 31.4 (2025), 584–91 https://doi.org/10.1053/j.sodo.2025.07.003
Beattie, Madeline, Julia E. Fa, Ian Leiper, Álvaro Fernández-Llamazares, Kerstin K. Zander, and Stephen T. Garnett, ‘Even after Armed Conflict, the Environmental Quality of Indigenous Peoples’ Lands in Biodiversity Hotspots Surpasses That of Non-Indigenous Lands’, Biological Conservation, 286 (2023), 110288 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2023.110288
Bouchard, Karen, ‘Extracting Insights: A Systematic Review of Mining Impacts on Indigenous Peoples’, The Extractive Industries and Society, 23 (2025), 101686 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2025.101686
Braley, Eryn, Jorden Hendry, McKenzie Braley, Chenoa Cassidy-Matthews, Shannon Waters, Wenecwtsin Christian, and others, ‘Experiences of HIV among Global Indigenous Populations through the Lens of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples’, The Lancet HIV, 10.8 (2023), e543–51 https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(23)00106-6
le Bris, David, ‘Testing Legal Origins Theory within France: Customary Laws versus Roman Code’, Journal of Comparative Economics, 47.1 (2019), 1–30 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2018.10.003
Burton, John, Deanna Kemp, Rodger Barnes, and Joni Parmenter, ‘Mapping Critical Minerals Projects and Their Intersection with Indigenous Peoples’ Land Rights in Australia’, Energy Research & Social Science, 113 (2024), 103556 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2024.103556
Cachagee, Madison, Brianna Poirier, Michael Larkin, and Lisa Jamieson, ‘Indigenous Oral Health: A Matter of Rights’, First Nations Health and Wellbeing - The Lowitja Journal, 3 (2025), 100069 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fnhli.2025.100069
Capistrano, Robert Charles G., ‘Reclaiming the Ancestral Waters of Indigenous Peoples in the Philippines: The Tagbanua Experience with Fishing Rights and Indigenous Rights’, Marine Policy, 34.3 (2010), 453–60 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2009.09.012
Chairul Fahmi, and Muhammad Siddiq Armia, ‘Protecting Indigenous Collective Land Property in Indonesia under International Human Rights Norms’, Journal of Southeast Asian Human Rights, 6.1 (2022) <https://doi.org/10.19184/jseahr.V6i.30242 >
Clarke, Antonia J, Maja Christensen, Anna H Balabanski, Angela Dos Santos, Peter A Barber, Alex Brown, and others, ‘Prevalence of Dementia among Indigenous Populations of Countries with a Very High Human Development Index: A Systematic Review’, The Lancet Healthy Longevity, 5.12 (2024), 100658 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanhl.2024.100658
Cuaton, Ginbert Permejo, and Yvonne Su, ‘Local-Indigenous Knowledge on Disaster Risk Reduction: Insights from the Mamanwa Indigenous Peoples in Basey, Samar after Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines’, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 48 (2020), 101596 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101596
Delina, Laurence L, Ivee Fuerzas, Wiwik Dharmiasih, Michele Jaymalin Dulay, and Albert Salamanca, ‘Are Capital Assets under Pressure? The State of and Challenges to Indigenous Rice Farming in the Cultural Ricescapes of Indonesia and the Philippines’, Journal of Rural Studies, 106 (2024), 103235 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2024.103235
Domínguez, Lara, and Colin Luoma, ‘Decolonising Conservation Policy: How Colonial Land and Conservation Ideologies Persist and Perpetuate Indigenous Injustices at the Expense of the Environment’, Land, 9.3 (2020), 65 https://doi.org/10.3390/land9030065
van Engelenhoven, Gerlov, ‘From Indigenous Customary Law to Diasporic Cultural Heritage: Reappropriations of Adat Throughout the History of Moluccan Postcolonial Migration’, International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue Internationale de Sémiotique Juridique, 34.3 (2021), 695–721 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-020-09781-y
Erdika, Lucy, Sindy Sri Widyawati Sembiring Brahmana, Herlindah, and Iwan Permadi, ‘Integration of Customary Law in Agrarian Law Development in the Industrial Revolution 4.0 Era’, Peradaban Journal of Law and Society, 3.1 (2024), 88–103 https://doi.org/10.59001/pjls.v3i1.131
Ereful, Nelzo C., Jose Arnel O. Reyes, Don Emanuel M. Cardona, Roneil Christian S. Alonday, Nel Oliver B. Mateo, Huw Jones, and others, ‘Assessing Nutritional and Genetic Variations within Foxtail Millet (Setaria Italica) Landraces Collected from Indigenous Communities across the Philippines’, Heliyon, 9.12 (2023), e22964 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22964
Estradivari, Muh. Firdaus Agung, Dedi Supriadi Adhuri, Sebastian C.A. Ferse, Ita Sualia, Dominic A. Andradi-Brown, and others, ‘Marine Conservation beyond MPAs: Towards the Recognition of Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures (OECMs) in Indonesia’, Marine Policy, 137 (2022), 104939 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104939
Fatubun, Wensislaus, ‘Papuan Voices: An Initiative for Decolonized Filmmaking to Document Indigenous People’s Lived Experiences in West Papua’, Video Journal of Education and Pedagogy, 8.1 (2023), 1–15 https://doi.org/10.1163/23644583-bja10044
Geyer, H.S., ‘Conflicts and Synergies between Customary Land Use Management and Urban Planning in Informal Settlements’, Land Use Policy, 125 (2023), 106459 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106459
Gingrich, Kelly, Lina Brand-Correa, Elaine Howarth, and Anna Stratton, ‘Degrowth in a Settler State: Climate-Just Economic Transitions and Reconciliation with Indigenous Peoples in Canada’, Ecological Economics, 232 (2025), 108549 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2025.108549
Haller, Tobias, ‘From Commons to Resilience Grabbing: Insights from Historically-Oriented Social Anthropological Research on African Peasants’, Continuity and Change, 37.1 (2022), 69–95 https://doi.org/10.1017/S026841602200011X
Harada, Kazuhiro, Muhammad Habib, Yumi Sakata, and Ahmad Maryudi, ‘The Role of NGOs in Recognition and Sustainable Maintenance of Customary Forests within Indigenous Communities: The Case of Kerinci, Indonesia’, Land Use Policy, 113 (2022), 105865 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105865
Joireman, Sandra F., and Rosine Tchatchoua-Djomo, ‘Post-Conflict Restitution of Customary Land: Guidelines and Trajectories of Change’, World Development, 168 (2023), 106272 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106272
Karnad, Divya, ‘Navigating Customary Law and State Fishing Legislation to Create Effective Fisheries Governance in India’, Marine Policy, 86 (2017), 241–46 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.09.002
Kenedy, Biffanca Allya, and Ifan Deffinika, ‘Environmental Adaptation of Indigenous People: Baduy Tribe’s Local Wisdom in Environmental Management’, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1066.1 (2022), 012017 https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1066/1/012017
Kimura, Hitomi, ‘Differentiating Indigenous Peoples from Local Communities under Climate Regimes in Just Energy Transition: Implications for the Inuit and Sami Peoples’, Polar Science, 44 (2025), 101123 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2024.101123
Klein, Laurence, María Jesús Muñoz-Torres, and María Ángeles Fernández Izquierdo, ‘Free, Prior, and Informed Consent and Human Rights Impact Assessments: Lessons from Repsol’s Operations in Wayuu Territories in La Guajira, Colombia’, Resources Policy, 106 (2025), 105554 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2025.105554
Kløcker Larsen, Rasmus, Mikkel Funder, Cortney Golkar-Dakin, Maria-Therese Gustafsson, Carol Hunsberger, Martin Marani, and others, ‘Finding the Cracks: How Do Frontline Officials Maneuver State Institutions to Advance Indigenous Rights to Land and Environment?’, Earth System Governance, 25 (2025), 100270 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esg.2025.100270
Kobayashi, Tomohiko, ‘Role of the Indigenous Exceptions in International Economic Law for Effective Protection of Indigenous Peoples’ Rights and Interests: A Case Study of Mexico – GE Corn Dispute under the USMCA’, Polar Science, 44 (2025), 101163 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2024.101163
Kohl, Ellen, ‘Rights for Nature or Protecting People’s Rights?: The Operationalization of Rights of Nature in Non-Indigenous Communities in the United States’, Geoforum, 156 (2024), 104124 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2024.104124
Kovanur Sampath, K., Yan Ann-Rong, and S. Brownie, ‘Culturally Appropriate Care for Indigenous People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)- a Scoping Review’, Primary Care Diabetes, 19.3 (2025), 238–45 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2025.02.008
Liu, Minqi, Kieran Taylor-Neu, Gregory D. Saxton, Dean Neu, Abu S. Rahaman, and Jeff Everett, ‘Indigenous Peoples, Environmental Accountability and the Semantic Meaning of Resource Extraction Firm Disclosures’, Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 38.5 (2025), 1375–1404 https://doi.org/10.1108/AAAJ-03-2024-6935
Maarif, Samsul, ‘Re-Establishing Human-Nature Relations: Responses of Indigenous People of Indonesia to Covid-19’, Interdisciplinary Journal for Religion and Transformation in Contemporary Society, 7.2 (2021), 447–72 https://doi.org/10.30965/23642807-bja10023
Martin, Alexander J.F., Emma S. Bacon, Niigani Migizikwe, Serena Soucy, Amber Grant, and Tenley M. Conway, ‘History, Engagement, and Visibility of Indigenous Peoples in Urban Forest Management Plans from Canada and the United States’, Environmental Science & Policy, 166 (2025), 104026 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104026
Martinez-Cruz, Tania Eulalia, Levi Adelman, Luisa Castañeda-Quintana, and Darío Mejía-Montalvo, ‘Water Is More than a Resource: Indigenous Peoples and the Right to Water’, Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 10 (2024), 100978 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.100978
Mbatha, Philile, ‘Unravelling the Perpetuated Marginalization of Customary Livelihoods on the Coast by Plural and Multi-Level Conservation Governance Systems’, Marine Policy, 143 (2022), 105143 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105143
Mendoza, Rosalie C., Arlene D. Romano, Eulalie D. Dulnuan, Marissa P. Bulong, Pastor L. Malabrigo, and Consuelo D.L. Habito, ‘Wood Identification: A Tool for Preservation of Indigenous Architecture of Traditional Houses in Ifugao, Philippines’, International Journal of Wood Culture, 2.1–3 (2022), 53–88 https://doi.org/10.1163/27723194-bja10004
Mensah, Linda, ‘Legal Pluralism in Practice: Critical Reflections on the Formalisation of Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM) and Customary Land Tenure in Ghana’, The Extractive Industries and Society, 8.4 (2021), 100973 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2021.100973
Miasiratni, ‘Peran Peraturan Daerah Dalam Melindungi Hak-Hak Masyarakat Adat Di Indonesia’, Journal of Global Legal Review, 2.2 (2024), 65–70 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.59963/jglegar.v2i2.362
MUCHLINSKI, Peter, ‘The Impact of the UN Guiding Principles on Business Attitudes to Observing Human Rights’, Business and Human Rights Journal, 6.2 (2021), 212–26 https://doi.org/10.1017/bhj.2021.14
Murdi, Patria Bayu, and Rahimah Embong, ‘Legal Issues of Health Frontier in Two Countries: Challenges from Indonesia and Singapore’, Journal of Sustainable Development and Regulatory Issues (JSDERI), 2.3 (2024), 264–86 https://doi.org/10.53955/jsderi.v2i3.51
Ndikubwimana, Jean-Baptiste, Kathleen Ayako Anangwe, Jack Busalile Mwimali, Kabwete Mulinda Charles, and Oriare Nyarwath, ‘A Re-Conceptualisation of the Batwa’s Right to Recognition as a Minority and Indigenous People in Rwanda: A Human Rights-Based Approach’, Heliyon, 10.10 (2024), e30848 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30848
Negishi, Yota, ‘Multi-Level Legal Protection of Traditional Knowledge of Arctic Indigenous Peoples: Decolonizing Knowledge Production for Sustainable Development’, Polar Science, 44 (2025), 101135 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2024.101135
Newing, Helen, Stephanie Brittain, Ana Buchadas, Olivia del Giorgio, Catherine Fallon Grasham, Robert Ferritto, and others, ‘“Participatory” Conservation Research Involving Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities: Fourteen Principles for Good Practice’, Biological Conservation, 296 (2024), 110708 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110708
Noufé, Tiatité, ‘Impact of Land Tenure Security through Customary Law on Agricultural Productivity in Burkina Faso: Propensity Score Matching Approaches’, Land Use Policy, 134 (2023), 106907 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106907
Nugroho, Sigit, Absori Absori, Harun Harun, and Rahmanta Setiahadi, ‘Customary Law Harmonization Norma Interaction and Legal State in the Management of Natural Resources Conservation’, in Proceedings of the Proceedings of 1st Workshop on Environmental Science, Society, and Technology, WESTECH 2018, December 8th, 2018, Medan, Indonesia (EAI, 2019) https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.8-12-2018.2283961
Oluwajuwon, Tomiwa V., Robin L. Chazdon, Nestor Gregorio, Liz Ota, Rogelio Tripoli, Arturo Pasa, and others, ‘Assisted Natural Regeneration for Tropical Forest and Landscape Restoration in the Philippines: Implementation, Motivations, Challenges and Future Directions’, Trees, Forests and People, 20 (2025), 100896 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100896
Onsay, Emmanuel A., and Jomar F. Rabajante, ‘Do Indigenous People Get Left behind? An Innovative Methodology for Measuring the Unmeasurable Economic Conditions and Poverty from the Poorest Region of Luzon, Philippines’, Heliyon, 11.3 (2025), e41076 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e41076
———, ‘Measuring the Unmeasurable Multidimensional Poverty for Economic Development: Datasets, Algorithms, and Models from the Poorest Region of Luzon, Philippines’, Data in Brief, 53 (2024), 110150 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2024.110150
Onyebueke, Victor, Julian Walker, Barbara Lipietz, Oliver Ujah, and Victoria Ibezim-Ohaeri, ‘Urbanisation-Induced Displacements in Peri-Urban Areas: Clashes between Customary Tenure and Statutory Practices in Ugbo-Okonkwo Community in Enugu, Nigeria’, Land Use Policy, 99 (2020), 104884 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104884
Östlund, Lars, Macarena Fernández Génova, Miguel Cáceres, and Elle Eriksson, ‘Timber Colonialism in the Periphery: Timber Frontiers and Indigenous Peoples Land Use in Northern Scandinavia and Southern Patagonia in the Late 19th and Early 20th Century’, Journal of Historical Geography, 89 (2025), 213–25 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2025.06.006
Patzer, Jeremy, ‘Indigenous Rights and the Legal Politics of Canadian Coloniality: What Is Happening to Free, Prior and Informed Consent in Canada?’, The International Journal of Human Rights, 23.1–2 (2019), 214–33 https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2018.1562915
Pulhin, Juan M., Mark Anthony M. Ramirez, Josephine E. Garcia, Millicent Joyce Q. Pangilinan, Mary Beatrice S. Evaristo, Ma.Louiella Rose O. Catudio, and others, ‘Contextualizing Sustainable Forest Management and Social Justice in Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM) Program in the Philippines’, Trees, Forests and People, 16 (2024), 100589 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100589
Raftopoulos, Malayna, and Damien Short, ‘Implementing Free Prior and Informed Consent: The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007), the Challenges of REDD+ and the Case for the Precautionary Principle’, The International Journal of Human Rights, 23.1–2 (2019), 87–103 https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2019.1579990
Ramirez, Jacobo, Eleonora Costantino, Christiane Durach, Jury Flickenschild, Han Chen Sun, Ikal Ang’elei, and others, ‘Conflicting Injustices in Decolonization and Indigenous Land Rights: The Case of the Lake Turkana Wind Power Project’, Energy Research & Social Science, 120 (2025), 103912 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2024.103912
Sapriani, Sapriani, Reza Octavia Kusumaningtyas, and Khalid Eltayeb Elfaki, ‘Strengthening Blue Economy Policy to Achieve Sustainable Fisheries’, Journal of Sustainable Development and Regulatory Issues (JSDERI), 2.1 (2024), 1–19 https://doi.org/10.53955/jsderi.v2i1.23
Sarkki, Simo, Mia Pihlajamäki, Sirpa Rasmus, and Jussi T. Eronen, ‘“Rights for Life” Scenario to Reach Biodiversity Targets and Social Equity for Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities’, Biological Conservation, 280 (2023), 109958 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2023.109958
Schatz, Valentin, ‘Incorporation of Indigenous and Local Knowledge in Central Arctic Ocean Fisheries Management’, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 10 (2019), 130–34 https://doi.org/10.23865/arctic.v10.1630
Scheinin, Martin, ‘Indigenous Peoples’ Right to Fish’, in The Significance of Sámi Rights (London: Routledge, 2023), pp. 37–51 https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003220640-4
See, Justin, Ginbert Permejo Cuaton, Pryor Placino, Suliasi Vunibola, Huong Do Thi, Kelly Dombroski, and others, ‘From Absences to Emergences: Foregrounding Traditional and Indigenous Climate Change Adaptation Knowledges and Practices from Fiji, Vietnam and the Philippines’, World Development, 176 (2024), 106503 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106503
Setiawan, Wawan Lulus, Kikin Hidayatullah, Nurul Azizah, and Fadya Prayusinar, ‘“Indigenous” Cooperatives Supporting SDGs Development in Indigenous Communities: A Study of Social and Communication (Case: The Consumer Cooperative of Warga Sauyunan, Kampung Naga, Regency of Tasikmalaya, West Java, Indonesia)’, International Journal of Ethno-Sciences and Education Research, 3.2 (2023), 70–76 https://doi.org/10.46336/ijeer.v3i2.427
Sitabuana, Tundjung Herning, and Dixon Sanjaya, ‘Urgensi Pembentukan Undang-Undang Pengakuan Dan Perlindungan Masyarakat Hukum Adat Sebagai Jaminan Konstitusional Keberadaan Masyarakat Hukum Adat’, Seri Seminar Nasional Ke-III Universitas Tarumanagara Tahun 2021, 2021, 171–82 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24912/pserina.v1i1.16157
Sleptsov, Anatoly N., Irina A. Sleptsova, Antonina A. Vinokurova, and Alina A. Nakhodkina, ‘Arctic Indigenous Peoples and Intellectual Property Law’, Sibirica, 21.3 (2022), 195–203 https://doi.org/10.3167/sib.2022.210309
Smit, Lise, Gabrielle Holly, Robert McCorquodale, and Stuart Neely, ‘Human Rights Due Diligence in Global Supply Chains: Evidence of Corporate Practices to Inform a Legal Standard’, The International Journal of Human Rights, 25.6 (2021), 945–73 https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2020.1799196
Spranger, Tade Matthias, and Joana Günther, ‘Indigenous People in International Law: Developments and Perspectives’, 2025, pp. 223–37 https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.dnb.2024.12.003
Sudiana, Anak Agung KT, Ni Putu Noni Suharyanti, and Umirov Fitrat Faxriddinovich, Assessing the Government’s Commitment to Achieving Ecological Justice for Society, Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System, 2025, V https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v5i1.489
Tomlinson, Kathryn, ‘Indigenous Rights and Extractive Resource Projects: Negotiations over the Policy and Implementation of FPIC’, The International Journal of Human Rights, 23.5 (2019), 880–97 https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2017.1314648
Trialfhianty, Tyas Ismi, Claire Helen Quinn, and Maria Beger, ‘Engaging Customary Law to Improve the Effectiveness of Marine Protected Areas in Indonesia’, Ocean & Coastal Management, 261 (2025), 107543 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.107543
Weisberg, Daniel H., ‘The Practice of “DR” Paep: Continuity and Change in Indegenous Healing in Northern Thailand’, Social Science & Medicine, 18.2 (1984), 117–28 https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(84)90032-7
Yakovleva, N., T.N. Gavrilyeva, A.I. Makarov, and N.A. Krasilnikova, ‘Free Prior Informed Consent in the Extractive Industry: Approaches to Involving Indigenous Peoples in Decision-Making in Russia’, Journal of Environmental Management, 344 (2023), 118341 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118341
Zavaleta-Cortijo, Carol, James D Ford, Eranga K Galappaththi, Didacus B Namanya, Nosipho Nkwinti, Bhavya George, and others, ‘Indigenous Knowledge, Community Resilience, and Health Emergency Preparedness’, The Lancet Planetary Health, 7.8 (2023), e641–43 https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(23)00140-7
Zou, Keyuan, and Qiang Ye, ‘The Relationship between UNCLOS and Customary International Law: Some Reflections’, Marine Policy, 154 (2023), 105691 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105691