Industrialization of Election Infringement in Simultaneous Elections: Lessons from Sweden
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v4i2.170Keywords:
Election; Fraud; Manipulation; Simultaneous; Violation;Abstract
Election violations are increasingly occurring on a massive scale. In Indonesia, by early 2024, 1,032 violations had been handled only for the simultaneous general elections for president, vice president, and members of national and regional legislatures. Meanwhile, the results of handling violations in the 2019 simultaneous elections increased sharply to 21,169 cases, or an increase of 58.3% from 2014. This was due to the material on Indonesia's general election regulations, which overlapped and were not in harmony with the Constitution and judges' decisions. This research aims to analyze the issues surrounding simultaneous general elections in Indonesia and outline alternative progressive policies for achieving democratic governance with dignity and integrity during the next general election. This research focuses on normative law, utilizing statutory and conceptual approaches that pertain to democracy, elections, and various types of violations. To get an overview of the new policy, this research compares the handling of election violations in Indonesia with that in Sweden. The research results show violations of the general election administration, the code of ethics for election organizers, election crimes, and other legal violations in Indonesia and Sweden. However, Sweden still maintains its democratic stability. Several election manipulation factors that become fraud or violations are the manipulation of election rules, the manipulation of vote conditioning in the form of money politics, the updating of voter lists, and the conditioning of candidate requirements to cyberattacks. Therefore, it is crucial for regulations, participants, and the voting public to reevaluate the integrity of elections.
References
Afonso, Alexandre, ‘Book Review: Sara E Watson, The Left Divided: The Development and Transformation of Advanced Welfare States’, Political Studies Review, 15.4 (2017), 640–41 https://doi.org/10.1177/1478929917712140
Ahrens, Leo, ‘The Impact of Public Opinion on Voting and Policymaking’, Zeitschrift Für Politikwissenschaft, 34.1 (2024), 77–100 https://doi.org/10.1007/s41358-024-00366-w
Aidt, Toke S., and Peter S. Jensen, ‘From Open to Secret Ballot’, Comparative Political Studies, 50.5 (2017), 555–93 https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414016628268
Al-Hamdi, Ridho, ‘Ideological Cleavage under Open-List Proportional Representation: Parties’ Position toward the 2019 Indonesian Presidential Threshold’, Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, 24.3 (2021), 205 https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.53514
Al-Hamdi, Ridho, Tanto Lailam, and Sakir, ‘The Presidential Threshold Design in Indonesia’s Electoral System: In Search of “Win-Win Situation” Among Unfinished Debates’, 2021 https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211227.050
Alemán, Eduardo, Juan Pablo Micozzi, Pablo M. Pinto, and Sebastián Saiegh, ‘Constituency Effects and Legislative Dissent Under Closed-List Proportional Representation’, Latin American Politics and Society, 63.2 (2021), 78–99 https://doi.org/10.1017/lap.2021.6
Altman, David, Direct Democracy Worldwide (Cambridge University Press, 2010) https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511933950
Amalia, Luky Sandra, Aisah Putri Budiatri, Mouliza KD. Sweinstani, Atika Nur Kusumaningtyas, and Esty Ekawati, ‘Simultaneous Elections and the Rise of Female Representation in Indonesia’, Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 40.1 (2021), 50–72 https://doi.org/10.1177/1868103421989716
Aspinall, Edward, and Noor Rohman, ‘Village Head Elections in Java: Money Politics and Brokerage in the Remaking of Indonesia’s Rural Elite’, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 48.1 (2017), 31–52 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022463416000461
Asrinaldi, and Mohammad Agus Yusoff, ‘Power Consolidation and Its Impact on the Decline of Democracy in Indonesia under President Jokowi’, Cogent Social Sciences, 9.1 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2232579
Asrinaldi, Mohammad Agus Yusoff, and dan Zamzami Abdul Karim, ‘Oligarchy in the Jokowi Government and Its Influence on the Implementation of Legislative Function in Indonesia’, Asian Journal of Comparative Politics, 7.2 (2022), 189–203 https://doi.org/10.1177/2057891121995564
Baghdasaryan, Vardan, Giovanna Iannantuoni, and Valeria Maggian, ‘Electoral Fraud and Voter Turnout: An Experimental Study’, European Journal of Political Economy, 58 (2019), 203–19 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2018.12.001
Bambang Tri Bawono, ‘The Urgency of Restorative Justice Regulation on Hate Speech’, Bestuur, 11.2 (2023), 364–83 https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.20961/bestuur.v11i2.82508
Bartels, Larry M, Ursula E Daxecker, Susan D Hyde, Staffan I Lindberg, and Irfan Nooruddin, ‘The Forum: Global Challenges to Democracy? Perspectives on Democratic Backsliding’, International Studies Review, 25.2 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viad019
Bates, Clifford A, ‘Book Review: Larry Diamond and Marc F Plattner, Democracy in Decline? And Larry Diamond, Marc F Plattner and Christopher Walker (Eds), Authoritarianism Goes Global: The Challenge to Democracy’, Political Studies Review, 15.4 (2017), 641–42 https://doi.org/10.1177/1478929917718667
Berg, Heléne, ‘Politicians’ Payments in a Proportional Party System’, European Economic Review, 128 (2020), 103504 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103504
Berg, Linda, and Henrik Oscarsson, ‘The Swedish Regional Elections 2018’, Regional & Federal Studies, 30.3 (2020), 511–24 https://doi.org/10.1080/13597566.2020.1739656
Bernauer, Julian, Nathalie Giger, and Jan Rosset, ‘Mind the Gap: Do Proportional Electoral Systems Foster a More Equal Representation of Women and Men, Poor and Rich?’, International Political Science Review, 36.1 (2015), 78–98 https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512113498830
Birch, Sarah, Electoral Malpractice (Oxford University Press, 2011) https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199606160.001.0001
Brännlund, Anton, and Rafael Ahlskog, ‘Do the Rich Ditch Traditional Politics? Evidence from Sweden’, APSA Preprints, 2023 https://doi.org/10.33774/apsa-2023-tbq81-v2
Carpenter, William S., ‘Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. By Joseph A. Schumpeter. (New York: Harper and Brothers. 1942. Pp. x, 381. $3.50.)’, American Political Science Review, 37.3 (1943), 523–24 https://doi.org/10.2307/1948935
Collier, David, and Steven Levitsky, ‘Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research’, World Politics, 49.3 (1997), 430–51 https://doi.org/10.1353/wp.1997.0009
Daoust, Jean-François, and Richard Nadeau, Elections and Satisfaction with Democracy (Cambridge University Press, 2023) https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009128032
Dawson, Stephen, ‘Electoral Fraud and the Paradox of Political Competition’, Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 32.4 (2022), 793–812 https://doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2020.1740716
Daxecker, Ursula E, ‘The Cost of Exposing Cheating’, Journal of Peace Research, 49.4 (2012), 503–16 https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343312445649
Daxecker, Ursula, and Mascha Rauschenbach, ‘Election Type and the Logic of Pre-Election Violence: Evidence from Zimbabwe’, Electoral Studies, 82 (2023), 102583 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2023.102583
Daxecker, Ursula, Jessica Di Salvatore, and Andrea Ruggeri, ‘Fraud Is What People Make of It: Election Fraud, Perceived Fraud, and Protesting in Nigeria’, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 63.9 (2019), 2098–2127 https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002718824636
Enders, Adam M., Joseph E. Uscinski, Casey A. Klofstad, Kamal Premaratne, Michelle I. Seelig, Stefan Wuchty, and others, ‘The 2020 Presidential Election and Beliefs about Fraud: Continuity or Change?’, Electoral Studies, 72 (2021), 102366 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2021.102366
Febriyanto, Satrio Alif, Fitra Arsil, and Qurrata Ayuni, ‘Models of Simultaneous Elections around the World: The Influence of Government Systems on Election Implementation Methods’, 2023, pp. 176–86 https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-148-7_16
Figueiredo Filho, Dalson, Lucas Silva, and Ernani Carvalho, ‘The Forensics of Fraud: Evidence from the 2018 Brazilian Presidential Election’, Forensic Science International: Synergy, 5 (2022), 100286 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsisyn.2022.100286
Fionna, Ulla, and Francis E. Hutchinson, ‘Indonesia’s 2019 Elections: A Fractured Democracy?’, Asian Affairs, 50.4 (2019), 502–19 https://doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2019.1672400
Forte, Dario, ‘Electronic Voting: Practicality vs. Fraud’, Computer Fraud & Security, 2009.7 (2009), 7–9 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1361-3723(09)70085-5
Frank, Richard W., and Ferran Martínez i Coma, ‘How Election Dynamics Shape Perceptions of Electoral Integrity’, Electoral Studies, 48 (2017), 153–65 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2017.05.007
GATTERMANN, KATJANA, THOMAS M. MEYER, and KATHARINA WURZER, ‘Who Won the Election? Explaining News Coverage of Election Results in Multi‐party Systems’, European Journal of Political Research, 61.4 (2022), 857–77 https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12498
Ghoffar, Abdul, ‘Problematika Presidential Threshold: Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Dan Pengalaman Di Negara Lain’, Jurnal Konstitusi, 15.3 (2018), 480–501 https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1532
Hassell, Hans J. G., and Neil Visalvanich, ‘Perceptions of Electability: Candidate (and Voter) Ideology, Race, and Gender’, Political Behavior, 2024 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-023-09909-3
Hazan, Reuven Y., and Gideon Rahat, ‘What Is Candidate Selection and Why Is It Important for Understanding Politics?’, in Democracy within Parties (Oxford University Press, 2010), pp. 1–16 https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572540.003.0001
Hill, Eleanor, Maria Sobolewska, Stuart Wilks-Heeg, and Magda Borkowska, ‘Explaining Electoral Fraud in an Advanced Democracy: Fraud Vulnerabilities, Opportunities and Facilitating Mechanisms in British Elections’, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 19.4 (2017), 772–89 https://doi.org/10.1177/1369148117715222
Högström, John, and Christian Jerhov, ‘Complaints Concerning Electoral Fraud and Administrative Inaccuracies: A Study of Complaints About the Parliamentary Elections in Sweden Between 2010 and 2018’, Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy, 22.1 (2023), 27–44 https://doi.org/10.1089/elj.2022.0025
Hopmann, David Nicolas, and Rune Karlsen, ‘Elections and Political Communication in the Nordic Countries’, in Power, Communication, and Politics in the Nordic Countries, ed. by E. Skogerbø, Ø. Ihlen, N. N. Kristensen, and L. Nord (Gothenburg: University of Gothenburg, 2021), pp. 219–40 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.48335/9789188855299-11
Hummel, Patrick, and Brian Knight, ‘SEQUENTIAL OR SIMULTANEOUS ELECTIONS? A WELFARE ANALYSIS’, International Economic Review, 56.3 (2015), 851–87 https://doi.org/10.1111/iere.12124
‘Introduction’, in Handbook on Legal Methodology (Intersentia, 2018), pp. 1–8 https://doi.org/10.1017/9781839702389.002
Jauhar Nashrullah, Catur Wido Haruni, Sholahuddin Al-Fatih, and Sayed Khalid Shahzad, ‘Juridical Analysis of Simultaneous Election Postpones during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Legal Certainty Perspective’, Indonesia Law Reform Journal, 2.2 (2022), 118–41 https://doi.org/10.22219/ilrej.v2i2.20995
Justwan, Florian, and Ryan D. Williamson, ‘Trump and Trust: Examining the Relationship between Claims of Fraud and Citizen Attitudes’, PS: Political Science & Politics, 55.3 (2022), 462–69 https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096522000221
King Roth, Susan, ‘Disenfranchised by Design’, Information Design Journal, 9.1 (1998), 29–38 https://doi.org/10.1075/idj.9.1.08kin
Kirshner, Jonathan, ‘Money Is Politics’, Review of International Political Economy, 10.4 (2003), 645–60 https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290310001601911
Levy, Morris, ‘Winning Cures Everything? Beliefs about Voter Fraud, Voter Confidence, and the 2016 Election’, Electoral Studies, 74 (2021), 102156 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2020.102156
Lidström, Anders, ‘Various Faces of Localised Voting in Sweden’, Local Government Studies, 47.1 (2021), 126–44 https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2020.1761338
Loeber, Leontine, ‘Electoral Violence, Corruption, and Political Order Electoral Violence, Corruption, and Political Order , by Sarah Birch, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 2020, Pp. x + 211, £28.00 (Paperback), ISBN: 978-0-691-20363-8’, South African Journal of International Affairs, 30.3 (2023), 591–93 https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2023.2263418
Magaloni, Beatriz, ‘The Game of Electoral Fraud and the Ousting of Authoritarian Rule’, American Journal of Political Science, 54.3 (2010), 751–65 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00458.x
Mauk, Marlene, ‘Electoral Integrity Matters: How Electoral Process Conditions the Relationship between Political Losing and Political Trust’, Quality & Quantity, 56.3 (2022), 1709–28 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-020-01050-1
McMenamin, Iain, If Money Talks, What Does It Say? (Oxford University Press, 2013) <https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199665709.001.0001>
Muslimin, JM, Ahmad Fadoliy, and Wildan Munawar, ‘Law and Politics: Study of the Presidential Threshold in the 2019 General Election of Indonesia’, Politicon : Jurnal Ilmu Politik, 3.1 (2021), 133–60 https://doi.org/10.15575/politicon.v3i1.11523
Muzakkir, Abd. Kahar, and Ummi Suci Fathia Bailusy, ‘The Split-Ticket Voting Phenomenon: Analyzing Internal Voter Factors in the Central–Provincial House of Representatives Election’, SIGn Journal of Social Science, 4.1 (2023), 69–86 https://doi.org/10.37276/sjss.v4i1.333
Nwagwu, Ejikeme Jombo, Onyinyeomachukwu Gift Uwaechia, Kingsley Chigozie Udegbunam, and Rebecca Nnamani, ‘Vote Buying During 2015 And 2019 General Elections: Manifestation and Implications on Democratic Development in Nigeria’, Cogent Social Sciences, 8.1 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2021.1995237
Ohman, Magnus, ‘Sweden’, in Checkbook Elections? (Oxford University Press, 2016), pp. 159–76 https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190603601.003.0009
Persson, Mikael, ‘Who Got What They Wanted? Investigating the Role of Institutional Agenda Setting, Costly Policies, and Status Quo Bias as Explanations to Income Based Unequal Responsiveness’, Journal of European Public Policy, 31.7 (2024), 1879–1901 https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2023.2177323
Rahmat muhajir Nugroho, Anom Wahyu Asmorojati, ‘Simultaneous Election In Indonesia : Is It Really More Effective and Efficient?’, Media Hukum, 26.2 (2019), 213–22 https://doi.org/10.18196/jmh.20190135
Ramadhan, Diastama Anggita, ‘The Limitation of Voting Rights for People with Permanent Mental Disabilities in Indonesia: A Debate between Reasonable and Unreasonable Rights’, Cogent Social Sciences, 7.1 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2021.1932032
Reilly, Benjamin, ‘Democratization and Electoral Reform in the Asia-Pacific Region’, Comparative Political Studies, 40.11 (2007), 1350–71 https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414006299097
Reuter, Thomas, ‘Political Parties and the Power of Money in Indonesia and Beyond’, TRaNS: Trans -Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia, 3.2 (2015), 267–88 https://doi.org/10.1017/trn.2014.23
Rhoads, Elizabeth, ‘Women’s Political Participation in Indonesia: Decentralisation, Money Politics and Collective Memory in Bali’, Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 31.2 (2012), 35–56 https://doi.org/10.1177/186810341203100202
Ricknell, Emma, ‘Of Foreign or Domestic Origin? Swedish Media Reporting on Election Interference in Connection with the 2022 Swedish General Election’, Journal of the Scandinavian Society of Korea, 30 (2022), 41–74 https://doi.org/10.26548/scandi.2022.30.041
Siboy, Ahmad, Sholahuddin Al-fatih, Devi Triasari, and Hilaire Tegnan, ‘Legal Social Justice in Appointment Non-Definitive Regional Heads toward Welfare State’, Bestuur, 11.1 (2023), 144–70 https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.20961/bestuur.v11i1.71055
Silander, Daniel, ‘Building Democracy: National and International Factors’, in Globalization (IntechOpen, 2019) https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.71984
Stiers, Dieter, ‘EU Issue Voting in Simultaneous Elections: The Case of Belgium’, 2023, pp. 169–203 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29187-6_7
Szymański, Adam, and Jakub Wódka, ‘Manipulation of Vote Choice – Impediment to the Electoral Integrity in Turkey?’, Przegląd Politologiczny, 3, 2017, 103–16 https://doi.org/10.14746/pp.2017.22.3.8
Teorell, Jan, ‘Partisanship and Unreformed Bureaucracy: The Drivers of Election Fraud in Sweden, 1719–1908’, Social Science History, 41.2 (2017), 201–25 https://doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2017.8
Turnbull-Dugarte, Stuart J., and Daniel Devine, ‘Support for Digitising the Ballot Box: A Systematic Review of i-Voting Pilots and a Conjoint Experiment’, Electoral Studies, 86 (2023), 102679 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2023.102679
Turnbull, Megan, ‘When Armed Groups Refuse to Carry out Election Violence: Evidence from Nigeria’, World Development, 146 (2021), 105573 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105573
Wahdini, Muhammad, ‘The Effectiveness of Simultaneous Election 2019: Evaluation Through the Simultaneous Election 2024’, Jurnal Bina Praja, 14.1 (2022), 123–34 https://doi.org/10.21787/jbp.14.2022.123-134
Wallman Lundåsen, Susanne, and Gissur Ólafur Erlingsson, ‘The Local Party Voter: A Localist Anti-Establishment Voter?’, Electoral Studies, 82 (2023), 102592 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2023.102592
Yandra, Alexsander, Adrian Faridhi, Andrizal Andrizal, Husni Setiawan, and Aulia Sholichah Iman Nurchotimah, ‘The Urgency of Classification of the Voter List as a Fulfillment of Political Rights’, Politik Indonesia: Indonesian Political Science Review, 7.1 (2022), 36–50 https://doi.org/10.15294/ipsr.v7i1.38484
Zuhri, Sholehudin, ‘Resultan Politik Dan Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 14/PUU-XI/2013 Dalam Politik Hukum’, Jurnal Konstitusi, 15.2 (2018) https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1525
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
Citation Check
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Ketut Sukewati Lanang Putra Perbawa, Willy Naresta Hanum, Almaz Karimovich Atabekov
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors can enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or edit it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) before and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.