The Policy on Tourism MSMEs in Indonesia and Algeria: Sustainability and Challenges
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v3i3.131Abstract
Tourism legislation should encourage tourism MSMEs; otherwise, these enterprises are likely to remain local or go unnoticed globally. This study aims to investigate the emerging urgency arising from the interrelationship between MSMEs' legal policies and tourism legislation. This research belongs to normative research conducted by employing statutory and comparative approaches. The study reveals that adopting social capital as the foundation of tourism legislation enhances the role of tourism MSMEs in economic development. Furthermore, the legal policies enacted for running tourism businesses based on social capital seem to provide legal certainty for protecting and empowering tourism MSMEs and boosting their global competitiveness.
References
Abdelmadjid, Badri, and Taibi Boumedyen, ‘Empirical Analysis on the Contribution of Algerian SMEs in Regional Development-Study Territory" West Algeria’http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.18739.89128
Abouelmagd, Doaa, ‘Sustainable Urbanism and Cultural Tourism, the Case of the Sphinx Avenue, Luxor’, Alexandria Engineering Journal, 71 (2023), 239–61 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AEJ.2023.03.041
Annamalah, Sanmugam, ‘The Role of Open Innovation and a Normalizing Mechanism of Social Capital in the Tourism Industry.’, Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 2023, 100056 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JOITMC.2023.100056
Arcos-Pumarola, Jordi, Alexandra Georgescu Paquin, and Marta Hernández Sitges, ‘The Use of Intangible Heritage and Creative Industries as a Tourism Asset in the UNESCO Creative Cities Network’, Heliyon, 9.1 (2023), e13106 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HELIYON.2023.E13106
Arslanturk, Yalcin, Mehmet Balcilar, and Zeynel Abidin Ozdemir, ‘Time-Varying Linkages between Tourism Receipts and Economic Growth in a Small Open Economy’, Economic Modelling, 28.1–2 (2011), 664–71https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2018.1431207
Begum, Halima, A.C. Er, A. S. A. Ferdous Alam, and Nurain Sahazali, ‘Tourist’s Perceptions towards the Role of Stakeholders in Sustainable Tourism’, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 144 (2014), 313–21 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SBSPRO.2014.07.301
BENSEDIRA, Amor, Fares HABBACHE, and Messaoud Amir MAIZA, ‘Assessing SMEs Effectiveness in Growth and Diversification of the Algerian Economy through an Analytical Study during the Period (2015-2019).’, Journal of Economic Sciences, Management & Commercial Sciences (JESMCS), 14.1 (2021) https://www.asjp.cerist.dz/en/downArticle/324/14/1/154265
Boulhila, Sabrina, Mohamed Alouat, Mohamed A Rezzaz, and Serge Schmitz, ‘Towards a Development Model of Local Cultural Tourism through the Involvement of Local Actors (Province of Constantine, Algeria)’, GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 40.1 (2022) https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.40101-797
Cartwright, Anna, Edward Cartwright, and Esther Edun, ‘Cascading Information on Best Practice: Cyber Security Risk Management in UK Micro and Small Businesses and the Role of IT Companies’, Computers & Security, 2023, 103288 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COSE.2023.103288
Chen, Ji, Jiayan Huang, Weihua Su, Dalia Štreimikienė, and Tomas Baležentis, ‘The Challenges of COVID-19 Control Policies for Sustainable Development of Business: Evidence from Service Industries’, Technology in Society, 66 (2021), 101643 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TECHSOC.2021.101643
Dai, Meiling, Daisy X.F. Fan, Rong Wang, Yanghong Ou, and Xiaolong Ma, ‘Residents’ Social Capital in Rural Tourism Development: Guanxi in Housing Demolition’, Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 22 (2021), 100663 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JDMM.2021.100663
Dibra, Mirjam, ‘Rogers Theory on Diffusion of Innovation-The Most Appropriate Theoretical Model in the Study of Factors Influencing the Integration of Sustainability in Tourism Businesses’, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195 (2015), 1453–62 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SBSPRO.2015.06.443
Douli, SOUAD, and ILYES Slimani, ‘Tourism Impact on the Social Development in Algeria’, Yuridika, 37.2 (2022), 433–56 https://doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v37i2.36281
Dragicevic, Marija, and Stijepo Letunic, ‘Diffuse Hotels in the Function of Creating Augmented Agricultural Households Tourist Offer Based on Innovations’, Procedia Economics and Finance, 32 (2015), 437–41 https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)01415-X
Feng, Yuyao, Xiaolei Sun, and Guowen Li, ‘Oil Price, Economic Policy Uncertainty and Tourism Development: Evidence from China’, Procedia Computer Science, 214.C (2022), 560–64 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PROCS.2022.11.212
Handayani, I. G. A. K. R., Karjoko, L., Jaelani, A. K., & Barkhuizen, J., ‘The Politics Settlement of Land Tenure Conflicts During Jokowi’s Presidency’, Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies, 7.2 (2022), 487-524. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v7i2.57539
Hjalager, Anne Mette, ‘A Review of Innovation Research in Tourism’, Tourism Management, 31.1 (2010), 1–12 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TOURMAN.2009.08.012
Irjayanti, Maya, and Anton Mulyono Azis, ‘Barrier Factors and Potential Solutions for Indonesian SMEs’, Procedia Economics and Finance, 4 (2012), 3–12 https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(12)00315-2
Jamin, Mohammad, Abdul Kadir Jaelani, and Reza Octavia Kusumaningtyas, ‘The Impact of Indonesia ’ s Mining Industry Regulation on the Protection of Indigenous Peoples’, Hasanuddin Law Review, 1.1 (2023), 88–105 https://doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v9i1.4033
Ji, Fengyi, Fang Wang, and Bihu Wu, ‘How Does Virtual Tourism Involvement Impact the Social Education Effect of Cultural Heritage?’, Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 28 (2023), 100779 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JDMM.2023.100779
Karjoko, Lego, I. Gusti Ayu Ketut Rachmi Handayani, Abdul Kadir Jaelani, and Muhammad Jihadul Hayat, ‘Indonesia’s Sustainable Development Goals Resolving Waste Problem: Informal to Formal Policy’, International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 17.2 (2022), 649–58 https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.170230
Kelfaoui, Amal, Mohamed A REZZAZ, and Louardi Kherrour, ‘Revitalization of Mountain Rural Tourism as a Tool for Sustainable Local Development in Kabylie (Algeria). The Case of Yakouren Municipality’, Geo Journal of Tourism and Geosites, 34.1 (2021), 112–25 https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.34115-626
Khaidher, Khenfri, Walid Safi, and Bilal Eneizan, ‘Small and Medium Enterprises as a Strategic Choice for Development Case Study of Algeria’, International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9.3 (2019) http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v9-i3/5632
Knollenberg, Whitney, Claudia Gil Arroyo, Carla Barbieri, and Kathryn Boys, ‘Craft Beverage Tourism Development: The Contributions of Social Capital’, Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 20 (2021), 100599 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JDMM.2021.100599
Kusumaningtyas, Reza Octavia, Rahayu Subekti, Abdul Kadir Jaelani, Asron Orsantinutsakul, and Utkarsh K. Mishra, ‘Reduction of Digitalization Policy in Indonesian MSMEs and Implications for Sharia Economic Development’, Juris: Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah, 21.2 (2022), 157–71 https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v21i2.6855
Ladkin, Adele, Shelagh Mooney, David Solnet, Tom Baum, Richard Robinson, and Hongmin Yan, ‘A Review of Research into Tourism Work and Employment: Launching the Annals of Tourism Research Curated Collection on Tourism Work and Employment’, Annals of Tourism Research, 100 (2023), 103554 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ANNALS.2023.103554
Lee, Tsung Hung, and Fen-Hauh Jan, ‘Can Community-Based Tourism Contribute to Sustainable Development? Evidence from Residents’ Perceptions of the Sustainability’, Tourism Management, 70 (2019), 368–80 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.09.003
Lei, Weng Si (Clara), Wantanee Suntikul, and Zhaoyu Chen, ‘Tourism Development Induced Social Change’, Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights, 4.1 (2023), 100088 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ANNALE.2023.100088
Lin, Jinping, Bowen Zhang, Jiajia Feng, Zeyu Yi, Hao Zhang, Man Luo, and others, ‘Determining Food Tourism Consumption of Wild Mushrooms in Yunnan Provence, China: A Projection-Pursuit Approach’, Heliyon, 9.3 (2023), e14638 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14638
Liu, Yang, Azer Dilanchiev, Kaifei Xu, and Aytan Merdan Hajiyeva, ‘Financing SMEs and Business Development as New Post Covid-19 Economic Recovery Determinants’, Economic Analysis and Policy, 76 (2022), 554–67 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EAP.2022.09.006
Liu, Yiqing, Lei Cao, Dongdong Yang, and Bruce C. Anderson, ‘How Social Capital Influences Community Resilience Management Development’, Environmental Science & Policy, 136 (2022), 642–51 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVSCI.2022.07.028
Lukiyanto, Kukuh, and Maranatha Wijayaningtyas, ‘Gotong Royong as Social Capital to Overcome Micro and Small Enterprises’ Capital Difficulties’, Heliyon, 6.9 (2020), e04879 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HELIYON.2020.E04879
Luthviati, Resti Dian, ‘The Role of Local Governments in the Defense of Leading Products Resti’, Jurnal Bestuur, 8.2 (2020), 121–28 https://doi.org/10.20961/bestuur.43138
Mandić, A., and J. Kennell, ‘Smart Governance for Heritage Tourism Destinations: Contextual Factors and Destination Management Organization Perspectives’, Tourism Management Perspectives, 39 (2021), 100862 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TMP.2021.100862
Mangku, Dewa Gede Sudika, Ni Putu Rai Yuliartini, Ruslan Ruslan, Seguito Monteiro, ‘The Position of Indegenous People in the Culture and Tourism Developments: Comparing Indonesia and East Timor Tourism Laws and Policies’, Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies, 7.1 (2022), 57–100 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v7i1.52407
Menaouer, Brahami, Sabri Mohammed, and Matta Nada, ‘The Impact of Business Intelligence and Knowledge Management on Sustainability Performance in the Tourism Industry in Algeria’, Indonesian Journal of Sustainability Accounting and Management, 6.1 (2022) https://doi.org/10.28992/ijsam.v6i1.550
Messikh, Ayoub, ‘Does Entrepreneurial Risk-Taking Affect the Business Performance of Micro-Enterprises? Evidence from Skikda in Algeria’, Naše Gospodarstvo/Our Economy, 68.2 (2022), 65–77 https://doi.org/10.2478/ngoe-2022-0012
Mihardja, Eli Jamilah, Sofia Alisjahbana, Prima Mulyasari Agustini, Deffi Ayu Puspito Sari, and T.S. Pardede, ‘Forest Wellness Tourism Destination Branding for Supporting Disaster Mitigation: A Case of Batur UNESCO Global Geopark, Bali’, International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, 11.1 (2023), 169–81 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJGEOP.2023.01.003
Mishra, Sanjay Kumar, and Hemant Kushwaha, ‘Managing Litigation Risk through Business Legal Expense Insurance: Facilitators and Inhibitors for MSMEs’, IIMB Management Review, 2023 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IIMB.2023.04.002
Mosbah, Aissa, and Rochdi Debili, ‘Development of Algerian SMEs in the Age of Globalization’, Journal of Business and Social Development, 2.1 (2014), 37–48 https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/smes-in-the-age-of-globalization-9781840648522.html
Mshenga, Patience M, and Robert B Richardson, ‘Micro and Small Enterprise Participation in Tourism in Coastal Kenya’, Small Business Economics, 41.3 (2013), 667–81 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-012-9449-5
Nguyen, Van K., Joanne Pyke, Ancy Gamage, Terry de Lacy, and Gabrielle Lindsay-Smith, ‘Factors Influencing Business Recovery from Compound Disasters: Evidence from Australian Micro and Small Tourism Businesses’, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 53 (2022), 1–9 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHTM.2022.08.006
Novikasari, Siti Rahma, Duc Quang Ly, and Kerry Gershaneck, ‘Taxing Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in Yogyakarta: Regulation and Compliance’, Bestuur, 9.1 (2021) https://doi.org/10.20961/bestuur.v9i1.49184
Odei, Samuel Amponsah, and Eva Hamplová, ‘Innovations in Small Businesses: Do Public Procurement Contracts and Intellectual Property Rights Matter?’, Heliyon, 8.9 (2022), e10623 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HELIYON.2022.E10623
Park, Duk Byeong, Kwang Woo Lee, Hyun Suk Choi, and Yooshik Yoon, ‘Factors Influencing Social Capital in Rural Tourism Communities in South Korea’, Tourism Management, 33.6 (2012), 1511–20 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TOURMAN.2012.02.005
Paul, Justin, ‘SCOPE Framework for SMEs: A New Theoretical Lens for Success and Internationalization’, European Management Journal, 38.2 (2020), 219–30 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2020.02.001
Pham, Tien Duc, Son Nghiem, and Larry Dwyer, ‘The Determinants of Chinese Visitors to Australia: A Dynamic Demand Analysis’, Tourism Management, 63 (2017), 268–76 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TOURMAN.2017.06.015
Phonsuwan, Seksan, and Voratas Kachitvichyanukul, ‘Management System Models to Support Decision-Making for Micro and Small Business of Rural Enterprise in Thailand’, Procedia Engineering, 8 (2011), 498–503 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PROENG.2011.03.090
Prijadi, Ruslan, Permata Wulandari, Fajar Ayu Pinagara, and Putri Mega Desiana, ‘The Dynamics of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSE) toward Bankability with Coronavirus Pandemic Adjustment’, Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 8.4 (2022), 193 https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8040193
Ridwan Maksum, Irfan, Amy Yayuk Sri Rahayu, and Dhian Kusumawardhani, ‘A Social Enterprise Approach to Empowering Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Indonesia’, Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 6.3 (2020), 50 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc6030050
Rocca, Luz Helena DÃaz, and Seweryn Zielinski, ‘Community-Based Tourism, Social Capital, and Governance of Post-Conflict Rural Tourism Destinations: The Case of Minca, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia’, Tourism Management Perspectives, 43 (2022), 100985 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TMP.2022.100985
Rocha, Erick Ariel Gonzales, ‘The Impact of the Business Environment on the Size of the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise Sector; Preliminary Findings from a Cross-Country Comparison’, Procedia Economics and Finance, 4 (2012), 335–49 https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(12)00348-6
Roudi, Samira, Huseyin Arasli, and Seyi Saint Akadiri, ‘New Insights into an Old Issue – Examining the Influence of Tourism on Economic Growth: Evidence from Selected Small Island Developing States’, Current Issues in Tourism, 22.11 (2019), 1280–1300 https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2018.1431207
Sahoo, Bimal Kishore, Rasmita Nayak, and Mantu Kumar Mahalik, ‘Factors Affecting Domestic Tourism Spending in India’, Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights, 3.2 (2022), 100050 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ANNALE.2022.100050
Santoso, Lukman, Agus Triyanta, and Jawahir Thontowy, ‘Halal Tourism Regulations in Indonesia: Trends and Dynamics in the Digital Era’, Ijtihad: Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam Dan Kemanusiaan, 22.1 (2022), 73–94 https://doi.org/10.18326/ijtihad.v22i1.73-94
Saputra, Rian, ‘Development of Creative Industries as Regional Leaders in National Tourism Efforts Based on Geographical Indications’, Bestuur, 8.2 (2020), 121–28 https://doi.org/10.20961/bestuur.43139
Sareen, Siddharth, Devyn Remme, and Håvard Haarstad, ‘E-Scooter Regulation: The Micro-Politics of Market-Making for Micro-Mobility in Bergen’, Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 40 (2021), 461–73 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EIST.2021.10.009
Sari Hassoun, Salah Eddine, Khayereddine Salim Adda, and Asma Hadjira Sebbane, ‘Examining the Connection among National Tourism Expenditure and Economic Growth in Algeria’, Future Business Journal, 7.1 (2021), 1–9 https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-021-00059-8
Schönherr, Sarah, Mike Peters, and Kir KuÅ¡Äer, ‘Sustainable Tourism Policies: From Crisis-Related Awareness to Agendas towards Measures’, Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 27.January (2023), 100762 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2023.100762
Soluk, Jonas, Carolin Decker-Lange, and Andreas Hack, ‘Small Steps for the Big Hit: A Dynamic Capabilities Perspective on Business Networks and Non-Disruptive Digital Technologies in SMEs’, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 191 (2023), 122490 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2023.122490
Su, Lujun, Binli Tang, and Jeroen Nawijn, ‘How Tourism Activity Shapes Travel Experience Sharing: Tourist Well-Being and Social Context’, Annals of Tourism Research, 91 (2021), 103316 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ANNALS.2021.103316
Su, Yan, and Chien-Chiang Lee, ‘The Impact of Air Quality on International Tourism Arrivals: A Global Panel Data Analysis’, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29.41 (2022), 62432–46 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20030-6
Suárez-Rojas, Chaitanya, MatÃas M. González Hernández, and Carmelo J. León, ‘Sustainability in Whale-Watching: A Literature Review and Future Research Directions Based on Regenerative Tourism’, Tourism Management Perspectives, 47 (2023), 101120 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TMP.2023.101120
Suminah, Suminah, Suwarto Suwarto, Sugihardjo Sugihardjo, Sapja Anantanyu, and Dwiningtyas Padmaningrum, ‘Determinants of Micro, Small, and Medium-Scale Enterprise Performers’ Income during the Covid-19 Pandemic Era’, Heliyon, 8.7 (2022), e09875 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HELIYON.2022.E09875
Surya, Batara, Firman Menne, Hernita Sabhan, Seri Suriani, Herminawaty Abubakar, and Muhammad Idris, ‘Economic Growth, Increasing Productivity of Smes, and Open Innovation’, Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 7.1 (2021), 1–37 https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7010020
Szromek, Adam R., Krzysztof Herman, and Mateusz Naramski, ‘Sustainable Development of Industrial Heritage Tourism – A Case Study of the Industrial Monuments Route in Poland’, Tourism Management, 83 (2021), 104252 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TOURMAN.2020.104252
Thomson, Haidee, Naoko Tanaka, and Kyoko Morikoshi, ‘Tour Guiding Practice and Feedback in Guide Education: Lessons from London for Japan’, Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 29 (2021), 100287 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHLSTE.2020.100287
Tiku, Oscar, Tetsuo Shimizu, and Djoni Hartono, ‘Tourism’s Income Distribution in West Papua Province’, Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights, 3.1 (2022), 100038 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annale.2022.100038
Tiwasing, Pattanapong, Matthew Gorton, Jeremy Phillipson, and Sara Maioli, ‘Rural Businesses and Levelling up: A Rural-Urban Analysis of Business Innovation and Exporting in England’s North and Midlands’, Journal of Rural Studies, 100 (2023), 103007 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JRURSTUD.2023.103007
Van Truong, Nguyen, and Tetsuo Shimizu, ‘The Effect of Transportation on Tourism Promotion: Literature Review on Application of the Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Model’, Transportation Research Procedia, 25 (2017), 3096–3115 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRPRO.2017.05.336
Watson, Rosina, Kristian Roed Nielsen, Hugh N. Wilson, Emma K. Macdonald, Christine Mera, and Lucia Reisch, ‘Policy for Sustainable Entrepreneurship: A Crowdsourced Framework’, Journal of Cleaner Production, 383 (2023), 135234 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2022.135234
Widiatedja, I Gusti Ngurah Parikesit, ‘FDI in Tourism and the Feasibility of Incorporating the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights in Indonesia’, Yuridika, 37.2 (2022), 433–56 https://doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v37i2.36281
Yousef, Ghada A., Mona A. Elazony, Amal Abdelsattar, Mohamed M. Sewailam, and Omnia H. Elsaid, ‘Applying an Integrated Remote Sensing-GIS Approach in the Documentation of Handicraft Centers at New Valley Governorate, Egypt’, The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 25.3 (2022), 731–39 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EJRS.2022.04.004
Zeffane, Rachid M, ‘Organization Structures and Contingencies in Different Nations: Algeria, Britain, and France’, Social Science Research, 18.4 (1989), 331–69 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0049-089X(89)90012-4
Zhang, Shuangyu, Jiayi Lin, Zhaoxin Feng, Yang Wu, Qianyi Zhao, Shen Liu, and others, ‘Construction of Cultural Heritage Evaluation System and Personalized Cultural Tourism Path Decision Model: An International Historical and Cultural City’, Journal of Urban Management, 2022 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JUM.2022.10.001
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
Citation Check
License
Authors who publish with Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors can enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or edit it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) before and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.