Rahayu Subekti (1), Widiya N Rosari (2), Alya Maya Khonsa Rahayu (3), Nuryah Fatqul Jannah (4)
Small scale fishing communities in Southeast Asia face growing challenges as governments increasingly prioritize maritime sovereignty, territorial security, and fisheries enforcement. These policies often give insufficient attention to the livelihoods, legal rights, and everyday difficulties experienced by coastal communities. This study examines how maritime security policies affect access to marine resources, legal protection, and justice for small scale fishers in Indonesia, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The research employs a comparative qualitative approach and systematically examines national legislation, maritime security policies, and fisheries governance frameworks. It evaluates these policies through three dimensions of blue justice, namely distributive justice, procedural justice, and recognition justice. The findings reveal significant differences in national governance practices. Vietnam involves fishing communities in maritime security activities, potentially exposing civilian fishers to geopolitical tensions. The Philippines combines local fisheries management with maritime law enforcement, although regional disputes continue to challenge the protection of fishing communities. Indonesia prioritizes fisheries regulation and the prevention of illegal fishing, but certain enforcement practices may place additional burdens on vulnerable fishers. These findings demonstrate that stronger maritime security measures do not necessarily improve access to resources, community participation, or livelihood protection
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Afriansyah, Arie, Leonardo Bernard and Christou Imanuel, ‘Should Indonesia Regulate Foreign Military Activities in Its EEZ?’, Marine Policy, 159 (2024), 105931 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105931
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Arifin, Zainal, Dede Falahudin, Hiroaki Saito, Tuti Hendrawati, Muhammad Hafizt and Yulianto Suteja, ‘Indonesian Policy and Researches toward 70 % Reduction of Marine Plastic Pollution by 2025’, Marine Policy, 155 (2025), 105692 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105692
Ayilu, Raymond K, Michael Fabinyi and Kate Barclay, ‘Small-Scale Fisheries in the Blue Economy : Review of Scholarly Papers and Multilateral Documents’, Ocean and Coastal Management, 216 (2022), 105982 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105982
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Chong, Cheng Tung and Jo-Han Ng, ‘1 - Global Biofuel Policies, Legislations, Initiatives, and Roadmaps’, in Advanced Transport Biofuels, Woodhead Series in Bioenergy (Woodhead Publishing, 2025), pp. 1–68 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-15879-7.00001-2
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Gusev, Alexander L and Robert Zakharyan, ‘Economics of Hydrogen Energy of the Green Transition in the World and Russia. Part III. Progress in Nuclear-Hydrogen Programs of Leading Countries’, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 248 (2026), 155863 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.155863
Hidayat, Nur Ismu, Fery Kurniawan and Zairion Zairion, ‘Balancing Economy and Ecology: Ecosystem Approach to Enhanced Traditional Demersal Fisheries Management in West Papua, Indonesia’, Marine Policy, 181 (2025), 106843 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2025.106843
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James, Nathan, Jessica Blythe, Carole Sandrine and Cecilia Campero, ‘Blue Growth and Blue Justice : Ten Risks and Solutions for the Ocean Economy’, Marine Policy, 125 (2021), 104387 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104387
Kaminski, Tomasz and Rafał Szewczyk, ‘The Coastal State Obligation Not to Impede the Laying or Maintenance of Submarine Pipelines on the Continental Shelf According to United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea’, Marine Policy, 143 (2022), 0–3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105086
Kaura, Vinay, ‘Rising Powers or Bitter Frenemies? India-China Relations in the 21st Century?’, Social Transformations in Chinese Societies, 16 (2020), 111–38 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/STICS-05-2020-0016
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Khan, Alexander MA, Ming-guo Jiang, Xiao-qiang Yang, Izza Mahdiana Apriliani, Noir Primadona Purba, Budy Wiryawan, and others, ‘Illegal Fishing Threatens the Sustainability of Future Tuna Commodities in Indonesia’, Marine Policy, 159 (2024), 105936 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105936
Kismartini, Kismartini, Irfan Murtadho, Kinanti Risza and Ali Roziqin, ‘Heliyon Review Article A Bibliometric Analysis of Maritime Security Policy : Research Trends and Future Agenda’, Heliyon, 10 (2024), e28988 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28988
Komara, Chalila Putri and Windy Dermawan, ‘THE ROLE OF THE ASEAN MARITIME FORUM IN ADDRESSING THE COMPLEXITY OF ILLEGAL FISHING IN THE STRAIT OF MALACCA’, Berumpun, 08 (2025), 106–26 https://doi.org/10.33019/z6ms9e83
Reza Octavia Kusumaningtyas and Khalid Eltayeb Elfaki, ‘Strengthening Blue Economy Policy to Achieve Sustainable Fisheries Sapriani’, Journal of Sustainable Development and Regulatory Issues (JSDERI), 2.1 (2024), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.53955/jsderi.v2i1.23
Li, Rui, Yinglei Wu, Zhongyi He and Sirui Wang, ‘Clean Energy Technology Development and Integration Pathways toward Carbon Neutrality: A Comprehensive Review’, Environmental Reviews, 34 (2026), 1–48 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2026-0078
Li, Shuqin, Lin Chen and Yungang Liu, ‘Actors, Themes, Approaches, and Imbalances in Blue Economy Cooperation: A Systematic Review and Future Prospects’, Ocean & Coastal Management, 267 (2025), 107698 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.107698
Luo, Guoqiang and Zhixin Chi, ‘Conflicts and Challenges of Sustainable Fisheries Governance Cooperation under the Securitization of the Maritime Commons’, MDPI, 8 (2023), 1–19 https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8010001
Luthfia, Sahira Sajjadia, ‘Mengupas Tata Kelola Perikanan Nasional Melalui PP No. 11 Tahun 2023 Tentang Penangkapan Ikan Terukur Demi Mewujudkan Blue Economy’, Rechtsvinding, 12 (2023), 483–501 http://dx.doi.org/10.33331/rechtsvinding.v12i3.1374
MacKay, Katharina and Richard Collins, ‘Reorienting Approaches to Maritime Boundary Disputes: A Case for Hydro-Diplomacy?’, Marine Policy, 171 (2025), 106442 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106442
Macmurray, By Madelyn, Lily Schlieman, Regan Kwan, Brian Eyler, Carolyn Gruber and Sally Yozell, IUU Fishing Risk Profile for the South China Sea, 2025
MacMurray, Madelyn and Carolyn Gruber, ‘Militarized Commons: How Territorial Competition Is Weaponizing Fisheries and Destroying the South China Sea’, STIMSON, 2025
Maruf, Maruf, Yen-Chiang Chang and Ling Yang, ‘Managing Institutional Interlinkages for the Protection of Marine Environment in the East Asian Seas Region and beyond: The Case of Marine Plastic Pollution’, Ocean & Coastal Management, 255 (2024), 107232 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107232
Midlen, Alex, ‘Rethinking Environmental Governance for Development: The Blue Œconomy Dispositif’, Political Geography, 126 (2026), 103494 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2026.103494
Muflikh, Yanti N, Risti Permani, Nunung Nuryartono, Syamsul H Pasaribu, Boedi S Julianto, Fikri Sjahruddin, and others, ‘Building Stakeholders’ Mutual Understanding of Seaweed Sustainability in Indonesia: A Group Model Building Approach’, Marine Policy, 168 (2024), 106283 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106283
Nakamura, Julia, Ratana Chuenpagdee and Mostafa El, ‘Unpacking Legal and Policy Frameworks : A Step Ahead for Implementing the Small-Scale Fisheries Guidelines’, Marine Policy, 129 (2021), 104568 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104568
Okonkwo, Paul C, ‘8 - Innovation and Research in Advancing Geopolitical Trajectories for Renewables’, in Geopolitical Strategies for Renewable Energy Access, Development, and Growth (Elsevier, 2026), pp. 229–58 <https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-31420-9.00012-7>
Pesulima, Eunike Khayla Asafita and Roberto Octovianus Cornelis Seba Christian HJ de Fretes, ‘Analisis Kebijakan Pemerintah Indonesia Mengatasi Illegal Fishing Di Kawasan Laut Arafura ( 2023-2024 ): Studi Kasus Kapal Run Zeng’, Jurnal Riset Rumpun Ilmu Sosial, Politik Dan Humaniora, 5 (2026), 547–64 https://doi.org/10.55606/jurrish.v5i2.7551
Purnomo, Agus Heri, Suhendar I Sachoemar, Zainal Arifin, Joko Samiaji, Edwarsyah, Rosye HR Tanjung, and others, ‘Demographic Dimension of Ocean Perceptions: Evidence from Indonesia’, Marine Policy, 178 (2025), 106706 <https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2025.106706>
Queffelec, Betty, Marie Bonnin, Beatrice Ferreira, Sophie Bertrand, Solange Teles, Da Silva, and others, ‘Food for Thought Marine Spatial Planning and the Risk of Ocean Grabbing in the Tropical Atlantic’, ICES Journal of Marine Science, 78 (2021), 1196–1208 https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsa
Ramos, Mariejo, ‘Philippine Marine Life under Threat from Industrial Fishing’, Context, 2025
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Shahzad, Sulman, Omar Alrumayh, Abdulaziz Almutairi and Abdullah Altamimi, ‘Green Hydrogen: A Review of Technological Innovations, Economic Viability, and Global Prospects’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 225 (2026), 116162 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2025.116162
Soeparna, Intan Innayatun and Ankiq Taofiqurohman, ‘Transversal Policy between the Protection of Marine Fishery Resources and Fisheries Subsidies to Address Overfishing in Indonesia’, Marine Policy, 163 (2024), 106112 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106112
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Sosnowski, Monique, Gohar Petrossian, Thanaphon Nunphong and Eric Piza, ‘Crimes at Sea: Exploring the Nexus of Maritime Crimes across Global EEZs’, Marine Policy, 166 (2024), 106161 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106161
Strating, Rebecca, Sunil Rao and Sallie Yea, ‘Human Rights at Sea: The Limits of Inter-State Cooperation in Addressing Forced Labour on Fishing Vessels’, Marine Policy, 159 (2024), 105934 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105934
Suherman, Agus, Yayan Hernuryadin, Putuh Suadela, Ukon Ahmad Furkon and Tono Amboro, ‘Transformation of Indonesian Capture Fisheries Governance: Review and Prospects’, Marine Policy, 174 (2025), 106619 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2025.106619
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Suradja, Ivana, Theresia Susanti Asih, Basir, Dysi Polite Dyspriani, Hilda Lionata, Aby Marsiyono, and others, ‘Alternating Livelihoods and Coping with Shocks: An Examination of Coastal Tourism in Indonesia amidst COVID-19’, Marine Policy, 170 (2024), 106379 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106379
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Tomomewo, Olusegun Stanley, Shree Om Bade and Achouak Benarbia, ‘A Cross-Regional Analysis of Policies, Regulations, and Incentives from the United States, the European Union, China, and Australia for Shaping Hydrogen Economy’, Applied Energy, 406 (2026), 127240 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.127240
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Vince, Joanna, Tony R Walker, Kathryn A Willis, Peter J Stoett, Valeriya Komyakova, Britta Denise Hardesty, and others, ‘6.24 - Governance and Socio-Ecological Aspects of Plastics Pollution in Coastal and Marine Environments’, in Treatise on Estuarine and Coastal Science (Second Edition), ed. by Daniel Baird and Michael Elliott, Second Edition (Oxford: Academic Press, 2024), pp. 765–99 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90798-9.00089-5
Wang, Juying, Xiao Shi and Yuanwei Du, ‘Exploring the Relationship among Marine Science and Technology Innovation , Marine Finance , and Marine Higher Education Using a Coupling Analysis : A Case Study of China ’ s Coastal Areas’, Marine Policy, 132 (2021), 104706 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104706
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Yang, Chengling, Zifeng Lin, Jiapei Li and Chuangbin Chen, ‘Sustainability and Challenges of Renewable Energy in ASEAN Countries: Insights from the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework’, Environmental Development, 54 (2025), 101145 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2025.101145